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About network policy - Network security | Networking | OKD 4
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Creating a network policy

To restrict traffic between workloads and improve application security, configure NetworkPolicy objects for your cluster. Network policies define the allowed ingress and egress connections for selected pods and help isolate applications within namespaces.

As a developer, you can define network policies that restrict traffic to pods in your cluster.

About network policy

To control traffic between workloads and improve network isolation, configure NetworkPolicy objects for your projects. Network policies define the allowed ingress and egress connections for selected pods and help secure applications in your cluster.

By default, all pods in a project are accessible from other pods and network endpoints. To isolate one or more pods in a project, you can create NetworkPolicy objects in that project to indicate the allowed incoming connections. Project administrators can create and delete NetworkPolicy objects within their own project.

From OKD 4.22, OKD now includes NetworkPolicy objects in some of its own namespaces by default. This inclusion improves overall security and better protects control plane components. Do not modify the NetworkPolicy objects that OKD includes in its own namespaces by default. To check the namespaces that include the objects by default, you can run the following command:

$ oc get networkpolicies --all-namespaces

The OKD 4.22 release does not include these objects in all OKD namespaces; later OKD releases might include the objects in additional namespaces.

By default, all pods in a project are accessible from any network endpoint.

If a pod is matched by selectors in one or more NetworkPolicy objects, then the pod accepts only connections that are allowed by at least one of those NetworkPolicy objects. A pod that is not selected by any NetworkPolicy objects remains fully accessible.

Policy additivity

NetworkPolicy objects are additive, which means you can combine multiple NetworkPolicy objects together to satisfy complex network requirements.

For example, if you define both an allow-same-namespace policy and an allow-http-and-https policy within the same project, pods with the role=frontend label accept any connection allowed by either policy.

This means the pods accept:

  • Connections on any port from pods in the same namespace.

  • Connections on ports 80 and 443 from pods in any namespace.

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: allow-from-router
spec:
  ingress:
  - from:
    - namespaceSelector:
        matchLabels:
          policy-group.network.openshift.io/ingress: ""
  podSelector: {}
  policyTypes:
  - Ingress

The policy-group.network.openshift.io/ingress:"" label supports OVN-Kubernetes.

To reduce the cluster attack surface and ensure predictable network behavior, OKD enforces least-privilege network policies on critical networking components.

The operators that manage cluster DNS and cluster Ingress automatically install and maintain default "deny-all" NetworkPolicy objects in their respective namespaces.

Traffic is controlled using targeted "allow" policies in the following namespaces:

  • DNS component namespaces (openshift-dns and openshift-dns-operator):

    • Egress is limited to the API server and required DNS ports.

    • Ingress is restricted to essential DNS traffic and metrics.

  • Ingress component namespaces (openshift-ingress and openshift-ingress-operator):

    • Egress is limited to the API server, DNS ports, and route endpoints.

    • Ingress is restricted to HTTP/HTTPS traffic and metrics.

Do not run unmanaged or custom pods in these namespaces. Because these namespaces operate on a deny-by-default model, network traffic for any unmanaged containers running in these namespaces will be blocked.

Optimizations for network policy with OVN-Kubernetes network plugin

Learn how to optimize OVN-Kubernetes network policies to reduce flow count and ensure external IP traffic is allowed when needed.

When designing your network policy, refer to the following guidelines:

  • For network policies with the same spec.podSelector spec, it is more efficient to use one network policy with multiple ingress or egress rules, than multiple network policies with subsets of ingress or egress rules.

  • Every ingress or egress rule based on the podSelector or namespaceSelector spec generates the number of OVS flows proportional to number of pods selected by network policy + number of pods selected by ingress or egress rule. Therefore, it is preferable to use the podSelector or namespaceSelector spec that can select as many pods as you need in one rule, instead of creating individual rules for every pod.

    For example, the following policy contains two rules:

    apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: test-network-policy
spec:
  podSelector: {}
  ingress:
  - from:
    - podSelector:
        matchLabels:
          role: frontend
  - from:
    - podSelector:
        matchLabels:
          role: backend

    The following policy expresses those same two rules as one:

    apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: test-network-policy
spec:
  podSelector: {}
  ingress:
  - from:
    - podSelector:
        matchExpressions:
        - {key: role, operator: In, values: [frontend, backend]}

    The same guideline applies to the spec.podSelector spec. If you have the same ingress or egress rules for different network policies, it might be more efficient to create one network policy with a common spec.podSelector spec. For example, the following two policies have different rules:

    apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: policy1
spec:
  podSelector:
    matchLabels:
      role: db
  ingress:
  - from:
    - podSelector:
        matchLabels:
          role: frontend
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: policy2
spec:
  podSelector:
    matchLabels:
      role: client
  ingress:
  - from:
    - podSelector:
        matchLabels:
          role: frontend

    The following network policy expresses those same two rules as one:

    apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: policy3
spec:
  podSelector:
    matchExpressions:
    - {key: role, operator: In, values: [db, client]}
  ingress:
  - from:
    - podSelector:
        matchLabels:
          role: frontend

    You can apply this optimization when only multiple selectors are expressed as one. In cases where selectors are based on different labels, it may not be possible to apply this optimization. In those cases, consider applying some new labels for network policy optimization specifically.

NetworkPolicy CR and external IPs in OVN-Kubernetes

In OVN-Kubernetes, the NetworkPolicy custom resource (CR) enforces strict isolation rules. If a service is exposed using an external IP, a network policy can block access from other namespaces unless explicitly configured to allow traffic.

To allow access to external IPs across namespaces, create a NetworkPolicy CR that explicitly permits ingress from the required namespaces and ensures traffic is allowed to the designated service ports. Without allowing traffic to the required ports, access might still be restricted.

Example output
  apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
  kind: NetworkPolicy
  metadata:
    annotations:
    name: <policy_name>
    namespace: openshift-ingress
  spec:
    ingress:
    - ports:
      - port: 80
        protocol: TCP
    - ports:
      - port: 443
        protocol: TCP
    - from:
      - namespaceSelector:
          matchLabels:
          kubernetes.io/metadata.name: <my_namespace>
    podSelector: {}
    policyTypes:
    - Ingress

where:

<policy_name>

Specifies your name for the policy.

<my_namespace>

Specifies the name of the namespace where the policy is deployed.

For more details, see "About network policy".

Additional resources