Managing alerts - Monitoring | Observability | Red Hat OpenShift Service on AWS

Accessing the Alerting UI in the Administrator and Developer perspectives
Searching and filtering alerts, silences, and alerting rules
Getting information about alerts, silences, and alerting rules
Managing silences
Managing alerting rules for user-defined projects
Sending notifications to external systems
- Configuring different alert receivers for default platform alerts and user-defined alerts
- Creating alert routing for user-defined projects
Configuring Alertmanager to send notifications
- Configuring notifications for user-defined alerts
Additional resources

In Red Hat OpenShift Service on AWS , the Alerting UI enables you to manage alerts, silences, and alerting rules.

Alerting rules. Alerting rules contain a set of conditions that outline a particular state within a cluster. Alerts are triggered when those conditions are true. An alerting rule can be assigned a severity that defines how the alerts are routed.
Alerts. An alert is fired when the conditions defined in an alerting rule are true. Alerts provide a notification that a set of circumstances are apparent within an Red Hat OpenShift Service on AWS cluster.
Silences. A silence can be applied to an alert to prevent notifications from being sent when the conditions for an alert are true. You can mute an alert after the initial notification, while you work on resolving the issue.

The alerts, silences, and alerting rules that are available in the Alerting UI relate to the projects that you have access to. For example, if you are logged in as a user with the cluster-admin role, you can access all alerts, silences, and alerting rules.

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Accessing the Alerting UI in the Administrator and Developer perspectives

The Alerting UI is accessible through the Administrator perspective and the Developer perspective of the Red Hat OpenShift Service on AWS web console.

In the Administrator perspective, go to Observe → Alerting. The three main pages in the Alerting UI in this perspective are the Alerts, Silences, and Alerting rules pages.

In the Developer perspective, go to Observe → <project_name> → Alerts. In this perspective, alerts, silences, and alerting rules are all managed from the Alerts page. The results shown in the Alerts page are specific to the selected project.

In the Developer perspective, you can select from core Red Hat OpenShift Service on AWS and user-defined projects that you have access to in the Project: <project_name> list. However, alerts, silences, and alerting rules relating to core Red Hat OpenShift Service on AWS projects are not displayed if you are not logged in as a cluster administrator.

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Searching and filtering alerts, silences, and alerting rules

You can filter the alerts, silences, and alerting rules that are displayed in the Alerting UI. This section provides a description of each of the available filtering options.

Understanding alert filters

In the Administrator perspective, the Alerts page in the Alerting UI provides details about alerts relating to default Red Hat OpenShift Service on AWS and user-defined projects. The page includes a summary of severity, state, and source for each alert. The time at which an alert went into its current state is also shown.

You can filter by alert state, severity, and source. By default, only Platform alerts that are Firing are displayed. The following describes each alert filtering option:

State filters:
- Firing. The alert is firing because the alert condition is true and the optional for duration has passed. The alert continues to fire while the condition remains true.
- Pending. The alert is active but is waiting for the duration that is specified in the alerting rule before it fires.
- Silenced. The alert is now silenced for a defined time period. Silences temporarily mute alerts based on a set of label selectors that you define. Notifications are not sent for alerts that match all the listed values or regular expressions.
Severity filters:
- Critical. The condition that triggered the alert could have a critical impact. The alert requires immediate attention when fired and is typically paged to an individual or to a critical response team.
- Warning. The alert provides a warning notification about something that might require attention to prevent a problem from occurring. Warnings are typically routed to a ticketing system for non-immediate review.
- Info. The alert is provided for informational purposes only.
- None. The alert has no defined severity.
- You can also create custom severity definitions for alerts relating to user-defined projects.
Source filters:
- Platform. Platform-level alerts relate only to default Red Hat OpenShift Service on AWS projects. These projects provide core Red Hat OpenShift Service on AWS functionality.
- User. User alerts relate to user-defined projects. These alerts are user-created and are customizable. User-defined workload monitoring can be enabled postinstallation to provide observability into your own workloads.

Understanding silence filters

In the Administrator perspective, the Silences page in the Alerting UI provides details about silences applied to alerts in default Red Hat OpenShift Service on AWS and user-defined projects. The page includes a summary of the state of each silence and the time at which a silence ends.

You can filter by silence state. By default, only Active and Pending silences are displayed. The following describes each silence state filter option:

State filters:
- Active. The silence is active and the alert will be muted until the silence is expired.
- Pending. The silence has been scheduled and it is not yet active.
- Expired. The silence has expired and notifications will be sent if the conditions for an alert are true.

Understanding alerting rule filters

In the Administrator perspective, the Alerting rules page in the Alerting UI provides details about alerting rules relating to default Red Hat OpenShift Service on AWS and user-defined projects. The page includes a summary of the state, severity, and source for each alerting rule.

You can filter alerting rules by alert state, severity, and source. By default, only Platform alerting rules are displayed. The following describes each alerting rule filtering option:

Alert state filters:
- Firing. The alert is firing because the alert condition is true and the optional for duration has passed. The alert continues to fire while the condition remains true.
- Pending. The alert is active but is waiting for the duration that is specified in the alerting rule before it fires.
- Silenced. The alert is now silenced for a defined time period. Silences temporarily mute alerts based on a set of label selectors that you define. Notifications are not sent for alerts that match all the listed values or regular expressions.
- Not Firing. The alert is not firing.
Severity filters:
- Critical. The conditions defined in the alerting rule could have a critical impact. When true, these conditions require immediate attention. Alerts relating to the rule are typically paged to an individual or to a critical response team.
- Warning. The conditions defined in the alerting rule might require attention to prevent a problem from occurring. Alerts relating to the rule are typically routed to a ticketing system for non-immediate review.
- Info. The alerting rule provides informational alerts only.
- None. The alerting rule has no defined severity.
- You can also create custom severity definitions for alerting rules relating to user-defined projects.
Source filters:
- Platform. Platform-level alerting rules relate only to default Red Hat OpenShift Service on AWS projects. These projects provide core Red Hat OpenShift Service on AWS functionality.
- User. User-defined workload alerting rules relate to user-defined projects. These alerting rules are user-created and are customizable. User-defined workload monitoring can be enabled postinstallation to provide observability into your own workloads.

Searching and filtering alerts, silences, and alerting rules in the Developer perspective

In the Developer perspective, the Alerts page in the Alerting UI provides a combined view of alerts and silences relating to the selected project. A link to the governing alerting rule is provided for each displayed alert.

In this view, you can filter by alert state and severity. By default, all alerts in the selected project are displayed if you have permission to access the project. These filters are the same as those described for the Administrator perspective.

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Getting information about alerts, silences, and alerting rules

The Alerting UI provides detailed information about alerts and their governing alerting rules and silences.

Prerequisites

You have access to the cluster as a developer or as a user with view permissions for the project that you are viewing alerts for.

Procedure

To obtain information about alerts in the Administrator perspective:

Open the Red Hat OpenShift Service on AWS web console and go to the Observe → Alerting → Alerts page.
Optional: Search for alerts by name by using the Name field in the search list.
Optional: Filter alerts by state, severity, and source by selecting filters in the Filter list.
Optional: Sort the alerts by clicking one or more of the Name, Severity, State, and Source column headers.
Click the name of an alert to view its Alert details page. The page includes a graph that illustrates alert time series data. It also provides the following information about the alert:
- A description of the alert
- Messages associated with the alert
- Labels attached to the alert
- A link to its governing alerting rule
- Silences for the alert, if any exist

To obtain information about silences in the Administrator perspective:

Go to the Observe → Alerting → Silences page.
Optional: Filter the silences by name using the Search by name field.
Optional: Filter silences by state by selecting filters in the Filter list. By default, Active and Pending filters are applied.
Optional: Sort the silences by clicking one or more of the Name, Firing alerts, State, and Creator column headers.
Select the name of a silence to view its Silence details page. The page includes the following details:
- Alert specification
- Start time
- End time
- Silence state
- Number and list of firing alerts

To obtain information about alerting rules in the Administrator perspective:

Go to the Observe → Alerting → Alerting rules page.
Optional: Filter alerting rules by state, severity, and source by selecting filters in the Filter list.
Optional: Sort the alerting rules by clicking one or more of the Name, Severity, Alert state, and Source column headers.
Select the name of an alerting rule to view its Alerting rule details page. The page provides the following details about the alerting rule:
- Alerting rule name, severity, and description.
- The expression that defines the condition for firing the alert.
- The time for which the condition should be true for an alert to fire.
- A graph for each alert governed by the alerting rule, showing the value with which the alert is firing.
- A table of all alerts governed by the alerting rule.

To obtain information about alerts, silences, and alerting rules in the Developer perspective:

Go to the Observe → <project_name> → Alerts page.
View details for an alert, silence, or an alerting rule:
- Alert details can be viewed by clicking a greater than symbol (>) next to an alert name and then selecting the alert from the list.
- Silence details can be viewed by clicking a silence in the Silenced by section of the Alert details page. The Silence details page includes the following information:
  - Alert specification
  - Start time
  - End time
  - Silence state
  - Number and list of firing alerts
- Alerting rule details can be viewed by clicking the menu next to an alert in the Alerts page and then clicking View Alerting Rule.

Only alerts, silences, and alerting rules relating to the selected project are displayed in the Developer perspective.

Additional resources

See the Cluster Monitoring Operator runbooks to help diagnose and resolve issues that trigger specific Red Hat OpenShift Service on AWS monitoring alerts.

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Managing silences

You can create a silence for an alert in the Red Hat OpenShift Service on AWS web console in both the Administrator and Developer perspectives. After you create a silence, you will not receive notifications about an alert when the alert fires.

Creating silences is useful in scenarios where you have received an initial alert notification, and you do not want to receive further notifications during the time in which you resolve the underlying issue causing the alert to fire.

When creating a silence, you must specify whether it becomes active immediately or at a later time. You must also set a duration period after which the silence expires.

After you create silences, you can view, edit, and expire them.

When you create silences, they are replicated across Alertmanager pods. However, if you do not configure persistent storage for Alertmanager, silences might be lost. This can happen, for example, if all Alertmanager pods restart at the same time.

Additional resources

Configuring persistent storage

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Silencing alerts

You can silence a specific alert or silence alerts that match a specification that you define.

Prerequisites

If you are a cluster administrator, you have access to the cluster as a user with the dedicated-admin role.
If you are a non-administrator user, you have access to the cluster as a user with the following user roles:
- The cluster-monitoring-view cluster role, which allows you to access Alertmanager.
- The monitoring-alertmanager-edit role, which permits you to create and silence alerts in the Administrator perspective in the web console.
- The monitoring-rules-edit cluster role, which permits you to create and silence alerts in the Developer perspective in the web console.

Procedure

To silence a specific alert in the Administrator perspective:

Go to Observe → Alerting → Alerts in the Red Hat OpenShift Service on AWS web console.
For the alert that you want to silence, click and select Silence alert to open the Silence alert page with a default configuration for the chosen alert.
Optional: Change the default configuration details for the silence.

You must add a comment before saving a silence.
To save the silence, click Silence.

To silence a specific alert in the Developer perspective:

Go to Observe → <project_name> → Alerts in the Red Hat OpenShift Service on AWS web console.
If necessary, expand the details for the alert by selecting a greater than symbol (>) next to the alert name.
Click the alert message in the expanded view to open the Alert details page for the alert.
Click Silence alert to open the Silence alert page with a default configuration for the alert.
Optional: Change the default configuration details for the silence.

You must add a comment before saving a silence.
To save the silence, click Silence.

To silence a set of alerts by creating a silence configuration in the Administrator perspective:

Go to Observe → Alerting → Silences in the Red Hat OpenShift Service on AWS web console.
Click Create silence.
On the Create silence page, set the schedule, duration, and label details for an alert.

You must add a comment before saving a silence.
To create silences for alerts that match the labels that you entered, click Silence.

To silence a set of alerts by creating a silence configuration in the Developer perspective:

Go to Observe → <project_name> → Silences in the Red Hat OpenShift Service on AWS web console.
Click Create silence.
On the Create silence page, set the duration and label details for an alert.

You must add a comment before saving a silence.
To create silences for alerts that match the labels that you entered, click Silence.

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Editing silences

You can edit a silence, which expires the existing silence and creates a new one with the changed configuration.

Prerequisites

If you are a cluster administrator, you have access to the cluster as a user with the dedicated-admin role.
If you are a non-administrator user, you have access to the cluster as a user with the following user roles:
- The cluster-monitoring-view cluster role, which allows you to access Alertmanager.
- The monitoring-alertmanager-edit role, which permits you to create and silence alerts in the Administrator perspective in the web console.
- The monitoring-rules-edit cluster role, which permits you to create and silence alerts in the Developer perspective in the web console.

Procedure

To edit a silence in the Administrator perspective:

Go to Observe → Alerting → Silences.
For the silence you want to modify, click and select Edit silence.

Alternatively, you can click Actions and select Edit silence on the Silence details page for a silence.
On the Edit silence page, make changes and click Silence. Doing so expires the existing silence and creates one with the updated configuration.

To edit a silence in the Developer perspective:

Go to Observe → <project_name> → Silences.
For the silence you want to modify, click and select Edit silence.

Alternatively, you can click Actions and select Edit silence on the Silence details page for a silence.
On the Edit silence page, make changes and click Silence. Doing so expires the existing silence and creates one with the updated configuration.

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Expiring silences

You can expire a single silence or multiple silences. Expiring a silence deactivates it permanently.

You cannot delete expired, silenced alerts. Expired silences older than 120 hours are garbage collected.

Prerequisites

If you are a cluster administrator, you have access to the cluster as a user with the dedicated-admin role.
If you are a non-administrator user, you have access to the cluster as a user with the following user roles:
- The cluster-monitoring-view cluster role, which allows you to access Alertmanager.
- The monitoring-alertmanager-edit role, which permits you to create and silence alerts in the Administrator perspective in the web console.
- The monitoring-rules-edit cluster role, which permits you to create and silence alerts in the Developer perspective in the web console.

Procedure

To expire a silence or silences in the Administrator perspective:

Go to Observe → Alerting → Silences.
For the silence or silences you want to expire, select the checkbox in the corresponding row.
Click Expire 1 silence to expire a single selected silence or Expire <n> silences to expire multiple selected silences, where <n> is the number of silences you selected.

Alternatively, to expire a single silence you can click Actions and select Expire silence on the Silence details page for a silence.

To expire a silence in the Developer perspective:

Go to Observe → <project_name> → Silences.
For the silence or silences you want to expire, select the checkbox in the corresponding row.
Click Expire 1 silence to expire a single selected silence or Expire <n> silences to expire multiple selected silences, where <n> is the number of silences you selected.

Alternatively, to expire a single silence you can click Actions and select Expire silence on the Silence details page for a silence.

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Managing alerting rules for user-defined projects

Red Hat OpenShift Service on AWS monitoring ships with a set of default alerting rules. As a cluster administrator, you can view the default alerting rules.

In Red Hat OpenShift Service on AWS , you can create, view, edit, and remove alerting rules in user-defined projects.

Managing alerting rules for user-defined projects is only available in Red Hat OpenShift Service on AWS version 4.11 and later.

Alerting rule considerations

The default alerting rules are used specifically for the Red Hat OpenShift Service on AWS cluster.
Some alerting rules intentionally have identical names. They send alerts about the same event with different thresholds, different severity, or both.
Inhibition rules prevent notifications for lower severity alerts that are firing when a higher severity alert is also firing.

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Optimizing alerting for user-defined projects

You can optimize alerting for your own projects by considering the following recommendations when creating alerting rules:

Minimize the number of alerting rules that you create for your project. Create alerting rules that notify you of conditions that impact you. It is more difficult to notice relevant alerts if you generate many alerts for conditions that do not impact you.
Create alerting rules for symptoms instead of causes. Create alerting rules that notify you of conditions regardless of the underlying cause. The cause can then be investigated. You will need many more alerting rules if each relates only to a specific cause. Some causes are then likely to be missed.
Plan before you write your alerting rules. Determine what symptoms are important to you and what actions you want to take if they occur. Then build an alerting rule for each symptom.
Provide clear alert messaging. State the symptom and recommended actions in the alert message.
Include severity levels in your alerting rules. The severity of an alert depends on how you need to react if the reported symptom occurs. For example, a critical alert should be triggered if a symptom requires immediate attention by an individual or a critical response team.

Additional resources

See the Prometheus alerting documentation for further guidelines on optimizing alerts

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About creating alerting rules for user-defined projects

If you create alerting rules for a user-defined project, consider the following key behaviors and important limitations when you define the new rules:

A user-defined alerting rule can include metrics exposed by its own project in addition to the default metrics from core platform monitoring. You cannot include metrics from another user-defined project.

For example, an alerting rule for the ns1 user-defined project can use metrics exposed by the ns1 project in addition to core platform metrics, such as CPU and memory metrics. However, the rule cannot include metrics from a different ns2 user-defined project.

To reduce latency and to minimize the load on core platform monitoring components, you can add the openshift.io/prometheus-rule-evaluation-scope: leaf-prometheus label to a rule. This label forces only the Prometheus instance deployed in the openshift-user-workload-monitoring project to evaluate the alerting rule and prevents the Thanos Ruler instance from doing so.

If an alerting rule has this label, your alerting rule can use only those metrics exposed by your user-defined project. Alerting rules you create based on default platform metrics might not trigger alerts.

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Creating alerting rules for user-defined projects

You can create alerting rules for user-defined projects. Those alerting rules will trigger alerts based on the values of the chosen metrics.

When you create an alerting rule, a project label is enforced on it even if a rule with the same name exists in another project.
To help users understand the impact and cause of the alert, ensure that your alerting rule contains an alert message and severity value.

Prerequisites

You have enabled monitoring for user-defined projects.
You are logged in as a user that has the monitoring-rules-edit cluster role for the project where you want to create an alerting rule.
You have installed the OpenShift CLI (oc).

Procedure

Create a YAML file for alerting rules. In this example, it is called example-app-alerting-rule.yaml.

Add an alerting rule configuration to the YAML file. The following example creates a new alerting rule named example-alert. The alerting rule fires an alert when the version metric exposed by the sample service becomes 0:

apiVersion: monitoring.coreos.com/v1
kind: PrometheusRule
metadata:
  name: example-alert
  namespace: ns1
spec:
  groups:
  - name: example
    rules:
    - alert: VersionAlert (1)
      for: 1m (2)
      expr: version{job="prometheus-example-app"} == 0 (3)
      labels:
        severity: warning (4)
      annotations:
        message: This is an example alert. (5)

1	The name of the alerting rule you want to create.
2	The duration for which the condition should be true before an alert is fired.
3	The PromQL query expression that defines the new rule.
4	The severity that alerting rule assigns to the alert.
5	The message associated with the alert.

Apply the configuration file to the cluster:

$ oc apply -f example-app-alerting-rule.yaml

Additional resources

See Monitoring overview for details about Red Hat OpenShift Service on AWS monitoring architecture.

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Accessing alerting rules for user-defined projects

To list alerting rules for a user-defined project, you must have been assigned the monitoring-rules-view cluster role for the project.

Prerequisites

You have enabled monitoring for user-defined projects.
You are logged in as a user that has the monitoring-rules-view cluster role for your project.
You have installed the OpenShift CLI (oc).

Procedure

To list alerting rules in <project>:
```
$ oc -n <project> get prometheusrule
```
To list the configuration of an alerting rule, run the following:
```
$ oc -n <project> get prometheusrule <rule> -o yaml
```

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Listing alerting rules for all projects in a single view

As a dedicated-admin, you can list alerting rules for core Red Hat OpenShift Service on AWS and user-defined projects together in a single view.

Prerequisites

You have access to the cluster as a user with the dedicated-admin role.
You have installed the OpenShift CLI (oc).

Procedure

In the Administrator perspective, navigate to Observe → Alerting → Alerting rules.
Select the Platform and User sources in the Filter drop-down menu.

The Platform source is selected by default.

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Removing alerting rules for user-defined projects

You can remove alerting rules for user-defined projects.

Prerequisites

You have enabled monitoring for user-defined projects.
You are logged in as a user that has the monitoring-rules-edit cluster role for the project where you want to create an alerting rule.
You have installed the OpenShift CLI (oc).

Procedure

To remove rule <foo> in <namespace>, run the following:
```
$ oc -n <namespace> delete prometheusrule <foo>
```

Additional resources

See the Alertmanager documentation

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Sending notifications to external systems

In Red Hat OpenShift Service on AWS , firing alerts can be viewed in the Alerting UI. Alerts are not configured by default to be sent to any notification systems. You can configure Red Hat OpenShift Service on AWS to send alerts to the following receiver types:

PagerDuty
Webhook
Email
Slack
Microsoft Teams

Routing alerts to receivers enables you to send timely notifications to the appropriate teams when failures occur. For example, critical alerts require immediate attention and are typically paged to an individual or a critical response team. Alerts that provide non-critical warning notifications might instead be routed to a ticketing system for non-immediate review.

Checking that alerting is operational by using the watchdog alert

Red Hat OpenShift Service on AWS monitoring includes a watchdog alert that fires continuously. Alertmanager repeatedly sends watchdog alert notifications to configured notification providers. The provider is usually configured to notify an administrator when it stops receiving the watchdog alert. This mechanism helps you quickly identify any communication issues between Alertmanager and the notification provider.

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Configuring different alert receivers for default platform alerts and user-defined alerts

You can configure different alert receivers for default platform alerts and user-defined alerts to ensure the following results:

All default platform alerts are sent to a receiver owned by the team in charge of these alerts.
All user-defined alerts are sent to another receiver so that the team can focus only on platform alerts.

You can achieve this by using the openshift_io_alert_source="platform" label that is added by the Cluster Monitoring Operator to all platform alerts:

Use the openshift_io_alert_source="platform" matcher to match default platform alerts.
Use the openshift_io_alert_source!="platform" or 'openshift_io_alert_source=""' matcher to match user-defined alerts.

This configuration does not apply if you have enabled a separate instance of Alertmanager dedicated to user-defined alerts.

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Creating alert routing for user-defined projects

If you are a non-administrator user who has been given the alert-routing-edit cluster role, you can create or edit alert routing for user-defined projects.

Prerequisites

Alert routing has been enabled for user-defined projects.
You are logged in as a user that has the alert-routing-edit cluster role for the project for which you want to create alert routing.
You have installed the OpenShift CLI (oc).

Procedure

Create a YAML file for alert routing. The example in this procedure uses a file called example-app-alert-routing.yaml.

Add an AlertmanagerConfig YAML definition to the file. For example:

apiVersion: monitoring.coreos.com/v1beta1
kind: AlertmanagerConfig
metadata:
  name: example-routing
  namespace: ns1
spec:
  route:
    receiver: default
    groupBy: [job]
  receivers:
  - name: default
    webhookConfigs:
    - url: https://example.org/post

For user-defined alerting rules, user-defined routing is scoped to the namespace in which the resource is defined. For example, a routing configuration defined in the AlertmanagerConfig object for namespace ns1 only applies to PrometheusRules resources in the same namespace.

Save the file.
Apply the resource to the cluster:
```
$ oc apply -f example-app-alert-routing.yaml
```
The configuration is automatically applied to the Alertmanager pods.

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Configuring Alertmanager to send notifications

You can configure Alertmanager to send notifications by editing the alertmanager-user-workload secret for user-defined alerts.

All features of a supported version of upstream Alertmanager are also supported in an OpenShift Alertmanager configuration. To check all the configuration options of a supported version of upstream Alertmanager, see Alertmanager configuration.

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Configuring notifications for user-defined alerts

If you have enabled a separate instance of Alertmanager that is dedicated to user-defined alert routing, you can customize where and how the instance sends notifications by editing the alertmanager-user-workload secret in the openshift-user-workload-monitoring namespace.

Prerequisites

You have access to the cluster as a user with the dedicated-admin role.
You have installed the OpenShift CLI (oc).

Procedure

Print the currently active Alertmanager configuration into the file alertmanager.yaml:

$ oc -n openshift-user-workload-monitoring get secret alertmanager-user-workload --template='{{ index .data "alertmanager.yaml" }}' | base64 --decode > alertmanager.yaml

Edit the configuration in alertmanager.yaml:

route:
  receiver: Default
  group_by:
  - name: Default
  routes:
  - matchers:
    - "service = prometheus-example-monitor" (1)
    receiver: <receiver> (2)
receivers:
- name: Default
- name: <receiver>
  <receiver_configuration> (3)

1	Specify labels to match your alerts. This example targets all alerts that have the `service="prometheus-example-monitor"` label.
2	Specify the name of the receiver to use for the alerts group.
3	Specify the receiver configuration.

Apply the new configuration in the file:

$ oc -n openshift-user-workload-monitoring create secret generic alertmanager-user-workload --from-file=alertmanager.yaml --dry-run=client -o=yaml |  oc -n openshift-user-workload-monitoring replace secret --filename=-