Providing sensitive data to pods by using secrets - Working with pods | Nodes

Understanding secrets
Understanding how to create secrets
Understanding how to update secrets
Creating and using secrets
About using signed certificates with secrets
- Generating signed certificates for use with secrets
Troubleshooting secrets

Some applications need sensitive information, such as passwords and user names, that you do not want developers to have.

As an administrator, you can use Secret objects to provide this information without exposing that information in clear text.

Understanding secrets

The Secret object type provides a mechanism to hold sensitive information such as passwords, OKD client configuration files, private source repository credentials, and so on. Secrets decouple sensitive content from the pods. You can mount secrets into containers using a volume plugin or the system can use secrets to perform actions on behalf of a pod.

Key properties include:

Secret data can be referenced independently from its definition.
Secret data volumes are backed by temporary file-storage facilities (tmpfs) and never come to rest on a node.
Secret data can be shared within a namespace.

YAML Secret object definition

apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: test-secret
  namespace: my-namespace
type: Opaque (1)
data: (2)
  username: <username> (3)
  password: <password>
stringData: (4)
  hostname: myapp.mydomain.com (5)

1	Indicates the structure of the secret’s key names and values.
2	The allowable format for the keys in the `data` field must meet the guidelines in the DNS_SUBDOMAIN value in the Kubernetes identifiers glossary.
3	The value associated with keys in the `data` map must be base64 encoded.
4	Entries in the `stringData` map are converted to base64 and the entry will then be moved to the `data` map automatically. This field is write-only; the value will only be returned via the `data` field.
5	The value associated with keys in the `stringData` map is made up of plain text strings.

You must create a secret before creating the pods that depend on that secret.

When creating secrets:

Create a secret object with secret data.
Update the pod’s service account to allow the reference to the secret.
Create a pod, which consumes the secret as an environment variable or as a file (using a secret volume).

Types of secrets

The value in the type field indicates the structure of the secret’s key names and values. The type can be used to enforce the presence of user names and keys in the secret object. If you do not want validation, use the opaque type, which is the default.

Specify one of the following types to trigger minimal server-side validation to ensure the presence of specific key names in the secret data:

kubernetes.io/basic-auth: Use with Basic authentication
kubernetes.io/dockercfg: Use as an image pull secret
kubernetes.io/dockerconfigjson: Use as an image pull secret
kubernetes.io/service-account-token: Use to obtain a legacy service account API token
kubernetes.io/ssh-auth: Use with SSH key authentication
kubernetes.io/tls: Use with TLS certificate authorities

Specify type: Opaque if you do not want validation, which means the secret does not claim to conform to any convention for key names or values. An opaque secret, allows for unstructured key:value pairs that can contain arbitrary values.

You can specify other arbitrary types, such as example.com/my-secret-type. These types are not enforced server-side, but indicate that the creator of the secret intended to conform to the key/value requirements of that type.

For examples of creating different types of secrets, see Understanding how to create secrets.

Secret data keys

Secret keys must be in a DNS subdomain.

Automatically generated secrets

By default, OKD creates the following secrets for each service account:

A dockercfg image pull secret

A service account token secret

Prior to OKD 4.11, a second service account token secret was generated when a service account was created. This service account token secret was used to access the Kubernetes API.

Starting with OKD 4.11, this second service account token secret is no longer created. This is because the LegacyserviceAccountTokenNoAutoGeneration upstream Kubernetes feature gate was enabled, which stops the automatic generation of secret-based service account tokens to access the Kubernetes API.

After upgrading to 4.15, any existing service account token secrets are not deleted and continue to function.

This service account token secret and docker configuration image pull secret are necessary to integrate the OpenShift image registry into the cluster’s user authentication and authorization system.

However, if you do not enable the ImageRegistry capability or if you disable the integrated OpenShift image registry in the Cluster Image Registry Operator’s configuration, these secrets are not generated for each service account.

Do not rely on these automatically generated secrets for your own use; they might be removed in a future OKD release.

Workloads are automatically injected with a projected volume to obtain a bound service account token. If your workload needs an additional service account token, add an additional projected volume in your workload manifest. Bound service account tokens are more secure than service account token secrets for the following reasons:

Bound service account tokens have a bounded lifetime.
Bound service account tokens contain audiences.
Bound service account tokens can be bound to pods or secrets and the bound tokens are invalidated when the bound object is removed.

For more information, see Configuring bound service account tokens using volume projection.

You can also manually create a service account token secret to obtain a token, if the security exposure of a non-expiring token in a readable API object is acceptable to you. For more information, see Creating a service account token secret.

Additional resources

For information about requesting bound service account tokens, see Using bound service account tokens
For information about creating a service account token secret, see Creating a service account token secret.

Understanding how to create secrets

As an administrator you must create a secret before developers can create the pods that depend on that secret.

When creating secrets:

Create a secret object that contains the data you want to keep secret. The specific data required for each secret type is descibed in the following sections.
Example YAML object that creates an opaque secret
```
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: test-secret
type: Opaque (1)
data: (2)
  username: <username>
  password: <password>
stringData: (3)
  hostname: myapp.mydomain.com
  secret.properties: |
    property1=valueA
    property2=valueB
```
1 Specifies the type of secret.

2 Specifies encoded string and data.

3 Specifies decoded string and data.

Use either the data or stringdata fields, not both.
Update the pod’s service account to reference the secret:
YAML of a service account that uses a secret
```
apiVersion: v1
kind: serviceAccount
 ...
secrets:
- name: test-secret
```

Create a pod, which consumes the secret as an environment variable or as a file (using a secret volume):

YAML of a pod populating files in a volume with secret data

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: secret-example-pod
spec:
  securityContext:
    runAsNonRoot: true
    seccompProfile:
      type: RuntimeDefault
  containers:
    - name: secret-test-container
      image: busybox
      command: [ "/bin/sh", "-c", "cat /etc/secret-volume/*" ]
      volumeMounts: (1)
          - name: secret-volume
            mountPath: /etc/secret-volume (2)
            readOnly: true (3)
      securityContext:
        allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
        capabilities:
          drop: [ALL]
  volumes:
    - name: secret-volume
      secret:
        secretName: test-secret (4)
  restartPolicy: Never

1	Add a `volumeMounts` field to each container that needs the secret.
2	Specifies an unused directory name where you would like the secret to appear. Each key in the secret data map becomes the filename under `mountPath`.
3	Set to `true`. If true, this instructs the driver to provide a read-only volume.
4	Specifies the name of the secret.

YAML of a pod populating environment variables with secret data

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: secret-example-pod
spec:
  securityContext:
    runAsNonRoot: true
    seccompProfile:
      type: RuntimeDefault
  containers:
    - name: secret-test-container
      image: busybox
      command: [ "/bin/sh", "-c", "export" ]
      env:
        - name: TEST_SECRET_USERNAME_ENV_VAR
          valueFrom:
            secretKeyRef: (1)
              name: test-secret
              key: username
      securityContext:
        allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
        capabilities:
          drop: [ALL]
  restartPolicy: Never

1	Specifies the environment variable that consumes the secret key.

YAML of a build config populating environment variables with secret data

apiVersion: build.openshift.io/v1
kind: BuildConfig
metadata:
  name: secret-example-bc
spec:
  strategy:
    sourceStrategy:
      env:
      - name: TEST_SECRET_USERNAME_ENV_VAR
        valueFrom:
          secretKeyRef: (1)
            name: test-secret
            key: username
      from:
        kind: ImageStreamTag
        namespace: openshift
        name: 'cli:latest'

1	Specifies the environment variable that consumes the secret key.

Secret creation restrictions

To use a secret, a pod needs to reference the secret. A secret can be used with a pod in three ways:

To populate environment variables for containers.
As files in a volume mounted on one or more of its containers.
By kubelet when pulling images for the pod.

Volume type secrets write data into the container as a file using the volume mechanism. Image pull secrets use service accounts for the automatic injection of the secret into all pods in a namespace.

When a template contains a secret definition, the only way for the template to use the provided secret is to ensure that the secret volume sources are validated and that the specified object reference actually points to a Secret object. Therefore, a secret needs to be created before any pods that depend on it. The most effective way to ensure this is to have it get injected automatically through the use of a service account.

Secret API objects reside in a namespace. They can only be referenced by pods in that same namespace.

Individual secrets are limited to 1MB in size. This is to discourage the creation of large secrets that could exhaust apiserver and kubelet memory. However, creation of a number of smaller secrets could also exhaust memory.

Creating an opaque secret

As an administrator, you can create an opaque secret, which allows you to store unstructured key:value pairs that can contain arbitrary values.

Procedure

Create a Secret object in a YAML file on a control plane node.

For example:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: mysecret
type: Opaque (1)
data:
  username: <username>
  password: <password>

1	Specifies an opaque secret.

Use the following command to create a Secret object:
```
$ oc create -f <filename>.yaml
```
To use the secret in a pod:
1. Update the pod’s service account to reference the secret, as shown in the "Understanding how to create secrets" section.
2. Create the pod, which consumes the secret as an environment variable or as a file (using a secret volume), as shown in the "Understanding how to create secrets" section.

Additional resources

For more information on using secrets in pods, see Understanding how to create secrets.

Creating a service account token secret

As an administrator, you can create a service account token secret, which allows you to distribute a service account token to applications that must authenticate to the API.

It is recommended to obtain bound service account tokens using the TokenRequest API instead of using service account token secrets. The tokens obtained from the TokenRequest API are more secure than the tokens stored in secrets, because they have a bounded lifetime and are not readable by other API clients.

You should create a service account token secret only if you cannot use the TokenRequest API and if the security exposure of a non-expiring token in a readable API object is acceptable to you.

See the Additional resources section that follows for information on creating bound service account tokens.

Procedure

Create a Secret object in a YAML file on a control plane node:

Example secret object:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: secret-sa-sample
  annotations:
    kubernetes.io/service-account.name: "sa-name" (1)
type: kubernetes.io/service-account-token (2)

1	Specifies an existing service account name. If you are creating both the `serviceAccount` and the `Secret` objects, create the `serviceAccount` object first.
2	Specifies a service account token secret.

Use the following command to create the Secret object:
```
$ oc create -f <filename>.yaml
```
To use the secret in a pod:
1. Update the pod’s service account to reference the secret, as shown in the "Understanding how to create secrets" section.
2. Create the pod, which consumes the secret as an environment variable or as a file (using a secret volume), as shown in the "Understanding how to create secrets" section.

Additional resources

For more information on using secrets in pods, see Understanding how to create secrets.
For information on requesting bound service account tokens, see Using bound service account tokens
For information on creating service accounts, see Understanding and creating service accounts.

Creating a basic authentication secret

As an administrator, you can create a basic authentication secret, which allows you to store the credentials needed for basic authentication. When using this secret type, the data parameter of the Secret object must contain the following keys encoded in the base64 format:

username: the user name for authentication
password: the password or token for authentication

You can use the stringData parameter to use clear text content.

Procedure

Create a Secret object in a YAML file on a control plane node:

Example secret object

apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: secret-basic-auth
type: kubernetes.io/basic-auth (1)
data:
stringData: (2)
  username: admin
  password: <password>

1	Specifies a basic authentication secret.
2	Specifies the basic authentication values to use.

Use the following command to create the Secret object:
```
$ oc create -f <filename>.yaml
```
To use the secret in a pod:
1. Update the pod’s service account to reference the secret, as shown in the "Understanding how to create secrets" section.
2. Create the pod, which consumes the secret as an environment variable or as a file (using a secret volume), as shown in the "Understanding how to create secrets" section.

Additional resources

For more information on using secrets in pods, see Understanding how to create secrets.

Creating an SSH authentication secret

As an administrator, you can create an SSH authentication secret, which allows you to store data used for SSH authentication. When using this secret type, the data parameter of the Secret object must contain the SSH credential to use.

Procedure

Create a Secret object in a YAML file on a control plane node:

Example secret object:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: secret-ssh-auth
type: kubernetes.io/ssh-auth (1)
data:
  ssh-privatekey: | (2)
          MIIEpQIBAAKCAQEAulqb/Y ...

1	Specifies an SSH authentication secret.
2	Specifies the SSH key/value pair as the SSH credentials to use.

Use the following command to create the Secret object:
```
$ oc create -f <filename>.yaml
```
To use the secret in a pod:
1. Update the pod’s service account to reference the secret, as shown in the "Understanding how to create secrets" section.
2. Create the pod, which consumes the secret as an environment variable or as a file (using a secret volume), as shown in the "Understanding how to create secrets" section.

Additional resources

Understanding how to create secrets.

Creating a Docker configuration secret

As an administrator, you can create a Docker configuration secret, which allows you to store the credentials for accessing a container image registry.

kubernetes.io/dockercfg. Use this secret type to store your local Docker configuration file. The data parameter of the secret object must contain the contents of a .dockercfg file encoded in the base64 format.
kubernetes.io/dockerconfigjson. Use this secret type to store your local Docker configuration JSON file. The data parameter of the secret object must contain the contents of a .docker/config.json file encoded in the base64 format.

Procedure

Create a Secret object in a YAML file on a control plane node.

Example Docker configuration secret object

apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: secret-docker-cfg
  namespace: my-project
type: kubernetes.io/dockerconfig (1)
data:
  .dockerconfig:bm5ubm5ubm5ubm5ubm5ubm5ubm5ubmdnZ2dnZ2dnZ2dnZ2dnZ2dnZ2cgYXV0aCBrZXlzCg== (2)

1	Specifies that the secret is using a Docker configuration file.
2	The output of a base64-encoded Docker configuration file

Example Docker configuration JSON secret object

apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: secret-docker-json
  namespace: my-project
type: kubernetes.io/dockerconfig (1)
data:
  .dockerconfigjson:bm5ubm5ubm5ubm5ubm5ubm5ubm5ubmdnZ2dnZ2dnZ2dnZ2dnZ2dnZ2cgYXV0aCBrZXlzCg== (2)

1	Specifies that the secret is using a Docker configuration JSONfile.
2	The output of a base64-encoded Docker configuration JSON file

Use the following command to create the Secret object
```
$ oc create -f <filename>.yaml
```
To use the secret in a pod:
1. Update the pod’s service account to reference the secret, as shown in the "Understanding how to create secrets" section.
2. Create the pod, which consumes the secret as an environment variable or as a file (using a secret volume), as shown in the "Understanding how to create secrets" section.

Additional resources

For more information on using secrets in pods, see Understanding how to create secrets.

Creating a secret using the web console

You can create secrets using the web console.

Procedure

Navigate to Workloads → Secrets.

Click Create → From YAML.

Edit the YAML manually to your specifications, or drag and drop a file into the YAML editor. For example:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: example
  namespace: <namespace>
type: Opaque (1)
data:
  username: <base64 encoded username>
  password: <base64 encoded password>
stringData: (2)
  hostname: myapp.mydomain.com

1	This example specifies an opaque secret; however, you may see other secret types such as service account token secret, basic authentication secret, SSH authentication secret, or a secret that uses Docker configuration.
2	Entries in the `stringData` map are converted to base64 and the entry will then be moved to the `data` map automatically. This field is write-only; the value will only be returned via the `data` field.

Click Create.
Click Add Secret to workload.
1. From the drop-down menu, select the workload to add.
2. Click Save.

Understanding how to update secrets

When you modify the value of a secret, the value (used by an already running pod) will not dynamically change. To change a secret, you must delete the original pod and create a new pod (perhaps with an identical PodSpec).

Updating a secret follows the same workflow as deploying a new Container image. You can use the kubectl rolling-update command.

The resourceVersion value in a secret is not specified when it is referenced. Therefore, if a secret is updated at the same time as pods are starting, the version of the secret that is used for the pod is not defined.

Currently, it is not possible to check the resource version of a secret object that was used when a pod was created. It is planned that pods will report this information, so that a controller could restart ones using an old resourceVersion. In the interim, do not update the data of existing secrets, but create new ones with distinct names.

Creating and using secrets

As an administrator, you can create a service account token secret. This allows you to distribute a service account token to applications that must authenticate to the API.

Procedure

Create a service account in your namespace by running the following command:
```
$ oc create sa <service_account_name> -n <your_namespace>
```

Save the following YAML example to a file named service-account-token-secret.yaml. The example includes a Secret object configuration that you can use to generate a service account token:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: <secret_name> (1)
  annotations:
    kubernetes.io/service-account.name: "sa-name" (2)
type: kubernetes.io/service-account-token (3)

1	Replace `<secret_name>` with the name of your service token secret.
2	Specifies an existing service account name. If you are creating both the `serviceAccount` and the `Secret` objects, create the `serviceAccount` object first.
3	Specifies a service account token secret type.

Generate the service account token by applying the file:
```
$ oc apply -f service-account-token-secret.yaml
```

Get the service account token from the secret by running the following command:

$ oc get secret <sa_token_secret> -o jsonpath='{.data.token}' | base64 --decode (1)

Example output

ayJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IklOb2dtck1qZ3hCSWpoNnh5YnZhSE9QMkk3YnRZMVZoclFfQTZfRFp1YlUifQ.eyJpc3MiOiJrdWJlcm5ldGVzL3NlcnZpY2VhY2NvdW50Iiwia3ViZXJuZXRlcy5pby9zZXJ2aWNlYWNjb3VudC9uYW1lc3BhY2UiOiJkZWZhdWx0Iiwia3ViZXJuZXRlcy5pby9zZXJ2aWNlYWNjb3VudC9zZWNyZXQubmFtZSI6ImJ1aWxkZXItdG9rZW4tdHZrbnIiLCJrdWJlcm5ldGVzLmlvL3NlcnZpY2VhY2NvdW50L3NlcnZpY2UtYWNjb3VudC5uYW1lIjoiYnVpbGRlciIsImt1YmVybmV0ZXMuaW8vc2VydmljZWFjY291bnQvc2VydmljZS1hY2NvdW50LnVpZCI6IjNmZGU2MGZmLTA1NGYtNDkyZi04YzhjLTNlZjE0NDk3MmFmNyIsInN1YiI6InN5c3RlbTpzZXJ2aWNlYWNjb3VudDpkZWZhdWx0OmJ1aWxkZXIifQ.OmqFTDuMHC_lYvvEUrjr1x453hlEEHYcxS9VKSzmRkP1SiVZWPNPkTWlfNRp6bIUZD3U6aN3N7dMSN0eI5hu36xPgpKTdvuckKLTCnelMx6cxOdAbrcw1mCmOClNscwjS1KO1kzMtYnnq8rXHiMJELsNlhnRyyIXRTtNBsy4t64T3283s3SLsancyx0gy0ujx-Ch3uKAKdZi5iT-I8jnnQ-ds5THDs2h65RJhgglQEmSxpHrLGZFmyHAQI-_SjvmHZPXEc482x3SkaQHNLqpmrpJorNqh1M8ZHKzlujhZgVooMvJmWPXTb2vnvi3DGn2XI-hZxl1yD2yGH1RBpYUHA

1	Replace <sa_token_secret> with the name of your service token secret.

Use your service account token to authenticate with the API of your cluster:
```
$ curl -X GET <openshift_cluster_api> --header "Authorization: Bearer <token>"  (1) (2)
```
1 Replace <openshift_cluster_api> with the OpenShift cluster API.

2 Replace <token> with the service account token that is output in the preceding command.

About using signed certificates with secrets

To secure communication to your service, you can configure OKD to generate a signed serving certificate/key pair that you can add into a secret in a project.

A service serving certificate secret is intended to support complex middleware applications that need out-of-the-box certificates. It has the same settings as the server certificates generated by the administrator tooling for nodes and masters.

service Pod spec configured for a service serving certificates secret.

apiVersion: v1
kind: service
metadata:
  name: registry
  annotations:
    service.beta.openshift.io/serving-cert-secret-name: registry-cert(1)
# ...

1	Specify the name for the certificate

Other pods can trust cluster-created certificates (which are only signed for internal DNS names), by using the CA bundle in the /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/service-ca.crt file that is automatically mounted in their pod.

The signature algorithm for this feature is x509.SHA256WithRSA. To manually rotate, delete the generated secret. A new certificate is created.

Generating signed certificates for use with secrets

To use a signed serving certificate/key pair with a pod, create or edit the service to add the service.beta.openshift.io/serving-cert-secret-name annotation, then add the secret to the pod.

Procedure

To create a service serving certificate secret:

Edit the Pod spec for your service.

Add the service.beta.openshift.io/serving-cert-secret-name annotation with the name you want to use for your secret.

kind: service
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: my-service
  annotations:
      service.beta.openshift.io/serving-cert-secret-name: my-cert (1)
spec:
  selector:
    app: MyApp
  ports:
  - protocol: TCP
    port: 80
    targetPort: 9376

The certificate and key are in PEM format, stored in tls.crt and tls.key respectively.

Create the service:
```
$ oc create -f <file-name>.yaml
```

View the secret to make sure it was created:

View a list of all secrets:

$ oc get secrets

Example output

NAME                     TYPE                                  DATA      AGE
my-cert                  kubernetes.io/tls                     2         9m

View details on your secret:

$ oc describe secret my-cert

Example output

Name:         my-cert
Namespace:    openshift-console
Labels:       <none>
Annotations:  service.beta.openshift.io/expiry: 2023-03-08T23:22:40Z
              service.beta.openshift.io/originating-service-name: my-service
              service.beta.openshift.io/originating-service-uid: 640f0ec3-afc2-4380-bf31-a8c784846a11
              service.beta.openshift.io/expiry: 2023-03-08T23:22:40Z

Type:  kubernetes.io/tls

Data
====
tls.key:  1679 bytes
tls.crt:  2595 bytes

Edit your Pod spec with that secret.

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: my-service-pod
spec:
  securityContext:
    runAsNonRoot: true
    seccompProfile:
      type: RuntimeDefault
  containers:
  - name: mypod
    image: redis
    volumeMounts:
    - name: my-container
      mountPath: "/etc/my-path"
    securityContext:
      allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
      capabilities:
        drop: [ALL]
  volumes:
  - name: my-volume
    secret:
      secretName: my-cert
      items:
      - key: username
        path: my-group/my-username
        mode: 511

When it is available, your pod will run. The certificate will be good for the internal service DNS name, <service.name>.<service.namespace>.svc.

The certificate/key pair is automatically replaced when it gets close to expiration. View the expiration date in the service.beta.openshift.io/expiry annotation on the secret, which is in RFC3339 format.

In most cases, the service DNS name <service.name>.<service.namespace>.svc is not externally routable. The primary use of <service.name>.<service.namespace>.svc is for intracluster or intraservice communication, and with re-encrypt routes.

Troubleshooting secrets

If a service certificate generation fails with (service’s service.beta.openshift.io/serving-cert-generation-error annotation contains):

secret/ssl-key references serviceUID 62ad25ca-d703-11e6-9d6f-0e9c0057b608, which does not match 77b6dd80-d716-11e6-9d6f-0e9c0057b60

The service that generated the certificate no longer exists, or has a different serviceUID. You must force certificates regeneration by removing the old secret, and clearing the following annotations on the service service.beta.openshift.io/serving-cert-generation-error, service.beta.openshift.io/serving-cert-generation-error-num:

Delete the secret:
```
$ oc delete secret <secret_name>
```

Clear the annotations:

$ oc annotate service <service_name> service.beta.openshift.io/serving-cert-generation-error-

$ oc annotate service <service_name> service.beta.openshift.io/serving-cert-generation-error-num-

The command removing annotation has a - after the annotation name to be removed.

1	Specifies the type of secret.
2	Specifies encoded string and data.
3	Specifies decoded string and data.

1	Replace `<openshift_cluster_api>` with the OpenShift cluster API.
2	Replace `<token>` with the service account token that is output in the preceding command.