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Installing a <strong>user</strong>-provisioned cluster on bare metal - Installing on bare metal | Installing | OKD 4.16
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Installing a user-provisioned cluster on bare metal

In OKD 4.16, you can install a cluster on bare metal infrastructure that you provision.

While you might be able to follow this procedure to deploy a cluster on virtualized or cloud environments, you must be aware of additional considerations for non-bare metal platforms. Review the information in the guidelines for deploying OKD on non-tested platforms before you attempt to install an OKD cluster in such an environment.

Prerequisites

Additional resources

Requirements for a cluster with user-provisioned infrastructure

For a cluster that contains user-provisioned infrastructure, you must deploy all of the required machines.

This section describes the requirements for deploying OKD on user-provisioned infrastructure.

Required machines for cluster installation

The smallest OKD clusters require the following hosts:

For a cluster that contains user-provisioned infrastructure, you must deploy all of the required machines.
Table 1. Minimum required hosts
Hosts Description

One temporary bootstrap machine

The cluster requires the bootstrap machine to deploy the OKD cluster on the three control plane machines. You can remove the bootstrap machine after you install the cluster.

Three control plane machines

The control plane machines run the Kubernetes and OKD services that form the control plane.

At least two compute machines, which are also known as worker machines.

The workloads requested by OKD users run on the compute machines.

As an exception, you can run zero compute machines in a bare metal cluster that consists of three control plane machines only. This provides smaller, more resource efficient clusters for cluster administrators and developers to use for testing, development, and production. Running one compute machine is not supported.

To maintain high availability of your cluster, use separate physical hosts for these cluster machines.

The bootstrap and control plane machines must use Fedora CoreOS (FCOS) as the operating system. However, the compute machines can choose between Fedora CoreOS (FCOS), Fedora 8.6 and later.

See Red Hat Enterprise Linux technology capabilities and limits.

Minimum resource requirements for cluster installation

Each cluster machine must meet the following minimum requirements:

Table 2. Minimum resource requirements
Machine Operating System CPU [1] RAM Storage Input/Output Per Second (IOPS)[2]

Bootstrap

FCOS

4

16 GB

100 GB

300

Control plane

FCOS

4

16 GB

100 GB

300

Compute

FCOS

2

8 GB

100 GB

300

  1. One CPU is equivalent to one physical core when simultaneous multithreading (SMT), or Hyper-Threading, is not enabled. When enabled, use the following formula to calculate the corresponding ratio: (threads per core × cores) × sockets = CPUs.

  2. OKD and Kubernetes are sensitive to disk performance, and faster storage is recommended, particularly for etcd on the control plane nodes which require a 10 ms p99 fsync duration. Note that on many cloud platforms, storage size and IOPS scale together, so you might need to over-allocate storage volume to obtain sufficient performance.

  3. As with all user-provisioned installations, if you choose to use Fedora compute machines in your cluster, you take responsibility for all operating system life cycle management and maintenance, including performing system updates, applying patches, and completing all other required tasks. Use of Fedora 7 compute machines is deprecated and has been removed in OKD 4.10 and later.

As of OKD version 4.13, RHCOS is based on RHEL version 9.2, which updates the micro-architecture requirements. The following list contains the minimum instruction set architectures (ISA) that each architecture requires:

  • x86-64 architecture requires x86-64-v2 ISA

  • ARM64 architecture requires ARMv8.0-A ISA

  • IBM Power architecture requires Power 9 ISA

  • s390x architecture requires z14 ISA

For more information, see Architectures (Fedora documentation).

If an instance type for your platform meets the minimum requirements for cluster machines, it is supported to use in OKD.

Additional resources

Certificate signing requests management

Because your cluster has limited access to automatic machine management when you use infrastructure that you provision, you must provide a mechanism for approving cluster certificate signing requests (CSRs) after installation. The kube-controller-manager only approves the kubelet client CSRs. The machine-approver cannot guarantee the validity of a serving certificate that is requested by using kubelet credentials because it cannot confirm that the correct machine issued the request. You must determine and implement a method of verifying the validity of the kubelet serving certificate requests and approving them.

Additional resources

Requirements for baremetal clusters on vSphere

Ensure you enable the disk.EnableUUID parameter on all virtual machines in your cluster.

Additional resources

Networking requirements for user-provisioned infrastructure

You must configure networking for all the Fedora CoreOS (FCOS) machines in initramfs during boot, so that they can fetch their Ignition config files.

Ensure you enable the disk.EnableUUID parameter on all virtual machines in your cluster.

During the initial boot, the machines require an IP address configuration that is set either through a DHCP server or statically by providing the required boot options. After a network connection is established, the machines download their Ignition config files from an HTTP or HTTPS server. The Ignition config files are then used to set the exact state of each machine. The Machine Config Operator completes more changes to the machines, such as the application of new certificates or keys, after installation.

  • Consider using a DHCP server for long-term management of the cluster machines. Ensure that the DHCP server is configured to provide persistent IP addresses, DNS server information, and hostnames to the cluster machines.

  • If a DHCP service is not available for your user-provisioned infrastructure, you can instead provide the IP networking configuration and the address of the DNS server to the nodes at FCOS install time. These can be passed as boot arguments if you are installing from an ISO image. See the Installing FCOS and starting the OKD bootstrap process section for more information about static IP provisioning and advanced networking options.

The Kubernetes API server must be able to resolve the node names of the cluster machines. If the API servers and worker nodes are in different zones, you can configure a default DNS search zone to allow the API server to resolve the node names. Another supported approach is to always refer to hosts by their fully-qualified domain names in both the node objects and all DNS requests.

Setting the cluster node hostnames through DHCP

On Fedora CoreOS (FCOS) machines, the hostname is set through NetworkManager. By default, the machines obtain their hostname through DHCP. If the hostname is not provided by DHCP, set statically through kernel arguments, or another method, it is obtained through a reverse DNS lookup. Reverse DNS lookup occurs after the network has been initialized on a node and can take time to resolve. Other system services can start prior to this and detect the hostname as localhost or similar. You can avoid this by using DHCP to provide the hostname for each cluster node.

Additionally, setting the hostnames through DHCP can bypass any manual DNS record name configuration errors in environments that have a DNS split-horizon implementation.

Network connectivity requirements

You must configure the network connectivity between machines to allow OKD cluster components to communicate. Each machine must be able to resolve the hostnames of all other machines in the cluster.

This section provides details about the ports that are required.

In connected OKD environments, all nodes are required to have internet access to pull images for platform containers and provide telemetry data to Red Hat.
Table 3. Ports used for all-machine to all-machine communications
Protocol Port Description

ICMP

N/A

Network reachability tests

TCP

1936

Metrics

9000-9999

Host level services, including the node exporter on ports 9100-9101 and the Cluster Version Operator on port 9099.

10250-10259

The default ports that Kubernetes reserves

22623

The port handles traffic from the Machine Config Server and directs the traffic to the control plane machines.

UDP

4789

VXLAN

6081

Geneve

9000-9999

Host level services, including the node exporter on ports 9100-9101.

500

IPsec IKE packets

4500

IPsec NAT-T packets

123

Network Time Protocol (NTP) on UDP port 123. If an external NTP time server is configured, you must open UDP port 123.

TCP/UDP

30000-32767

Kubernetes node port

ESP

N/A

IPsec Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)
Table 4. Ports used for all-machine to control plane communications
Protocol Port Description

TCP

6443

Kubernetes API
Table 5. Ports used for control plane machine to control plane machine communications
Protocol Port Description

TCP

2379-2380

etcd server and peer ports

NTP configuration for user-provisioned infrastructure

OKD clusters are configured to use a public Network Time Protocol (NTP) server by default. If you want to use a local enterprise NTP server, or if your cluster is being deployed in a disconnected network, you can configure the cluster to use a specific time server. For more information, see the documentation for Configuring chrony time service.

If a DHCP server provides NTP server information, the chrony time service on the Fedora CoreOS (FCOS) machines read the information and can sync the clock with the NTP servers.

Additional resources

user-provisioned DNS requirements

In OKD deployments, DNS name resolution is required for the following components:

  • The Kubernetes API

  • The OKD application wildcard

  • The bootstrap, control plane, and compute machines

Reverse DNS resolution is also required for the Kubernetes API, the bootstrap machine, the control plane machines, and the compute machines.

DNS A/AAAA or CNAME records are used for name resolution and PTR records are used for reverse name resolution. The reverse records are important because Fedora CoreOS (FCOS) uses the reverse records to set the hostnames for all the nodes, unless the hostnames are provided by DHCP. Additionally, the reverse records are used to generate the certificate signing requests (CSR) that OKD needs to operate.

It is recommended to use a DHCP server to provide the hostnames to each cluster node. See the DHCP recommendations for user-provisioned infrastructure section for more information.

The following DNS records are required for a user-provisioned OKD cluster and they must be in place before installation. In each record, <cluster_name> is the cluster name and <base_domain> is the base domain that you specify in the install-config.yaml file. A complete DNS record takes the form: <component>.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>..

Table 6. Required DNS records
Component Record Description

Kubernetes API

api.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>.

A DNS A/AAAA or CNAME record, and a DNS PTR record, to identify the API load balancer. These records must be resolvable by both clients external to the cluster and from all the nodes within the cluster.

api-int.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>.

A DNS A/AAAA or CNAME record, and a DNS PTR record, to internally identify the API load balancer. These records must be resolvable from all the nodes within the cluster.

The API server must be able to resolve the worker nodes by the hostnames that are recorded in Kubernetes. If the API server cannot resolve the node names, then proxied API calls can fail, and you cannot retrieve logs from pods.

Routes

*.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>.

A wildcard DNS A/AAAA or CNAME record that refers to the application ingress load balancer. The application ingress load balancer targets the machines that run the Ingress Controller pods. The Ingress Controller pods run on the compute machines by default. These records must be resolvable by both clients external to the cluster and from all the nodes within the cluster.

For example, console-openshift-console.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> is used as a wildcard route to the OKD console.

Bootstrap machine

bootstrap.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>.

A DNS A/AAAA or CNAME record, and a DNS PTR record, to identify the bootstrap machine. These records must be resolvable by the nodes within the cluster.

Control plane machines

<control_plane><n>.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>.

DNS A/AAAA or CNAME records and DNS PTR records to identify each machine for the control plane nodes. These records must be resolvable by the nodes within the cluster.

Compute machines

<compute><n>.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>.

DNS A/AAAA or CNAME records and DNS PTR records to identify each machine for the worker nodes. These records must be resolvable by the nodes within the cluster.

In OKD 4.4 and later, you do not need to specify etcd host and SRV records in your DNS configuration.

You can use the dig command to verify name and reverse name resolution. See the section on Validating DNS resolution for user-provisioned infrastructure for detailed validation steps.

Example DNS configuration for user-provisioned clusters

This section provides A and PTR record configuration samples that meet the DNS requirements for deploying OKD on user-provisioned infrastructure. The samples are not meant to provide advice for choosing one DNS solution over another.

In the examples, the cluster name is ocp4 and the base domain is example.com.

Example DNS A record configuration for a user-provisioned cluster

The following example is a BIND zone file that shows sample A records for name resolution in a user-provisioned cluster.

Sample DNS zone database 
$TTL 1W
@	IN	SOA	ns1.example.com.	root (
			2019070700	; serial
			3H		; refresh (3 hours)
			30M		; retry (30 minutes)
			2W		; expiry (2 weeks)
			1W )		; minimum (1 week)
	IN	NS	ns1.example.com.
	IN	MX 10	smtp.example.com.
;
;
ns1.example.com.		IN	A	192.168.1.5
smtp.example.com.		IN	A	192.168.1.5
;
helper.example.com.		IN	A	192.168.1.5
helper.ocp4.example.com.	IN	A	192.168.1.5
;
api.ocp4.example.com.		IN	A	192.168.1.5 (1)
api-int.ocp4.example.com.	IN	A	192.168.1.5 (2)
;
*.apps.ocp4.example.com.	IN	A	192.168.1.5 (3)
;
bootstrap.ocp4.example.com.	IN	A	192.168.1.96 (4)
;
control-plane0.ocp4.example.com.	IN	A	192.168.1.97 (5)
control-plane1.ocp4.example.com.	IN	A	192.168.1.98 (5)
control-plane2.ocp4.example.com.	IN	A	192.168.1.99 (5)
;
compute0.ocp4.example.com.	IN	A	192.168.1.11 (6)
compute1.ocp4.example.com.	IN	A	192.168.1.7 (6)
;
;EOF
1 Provides name resolution for the Kubernetes API. The record refers to the IP address of the API load balancer.
2 Provides name resolution for the Kubernetes API. The record refers to the IP address of the API load balancer and is used for internal cluster communications.
3 Provides name resolution for the wildcard routes. The record refers to the IP address of the application ingress load balancer. The application ingress load balancer targets the machines that run the Ingress Controller pods. The Ingress Controller pods run on the compute machines by default.

In the example, the same load balancer is used for the Kubernetes API and application ingress traffic. In production scenarios, you can deploy the API and application ingress load balancers separately so that you can scale the load balancer infrastructure for each in isolation.
4 Provides name resolution for the bootstrap machine.
5 Provides name resolution for the control plane machines.
6 Provides name resolution for the compute machines.
Example DNS PTR record configuration for a user-provisioned cluster

The following example BIND zone file shows sample PTR records for reverse name resolution in a user-provisioned cluster.

Sample DNS zone database for reverse records 
$TTL 1W
@	IN	SOA	ns1.example.com.	root (
			2019070700	; serial
			3H		; refresh (3 hours)
			30M		; retry (30 minutes)
			2W		; expiry (2 weeks)
			1W )		; minimum (1 week)
	IN	NS	ns1.example.com.
;
5.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa.	IN	PTR	api.ocp4.example.com. (1)
5.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa.	IN	PTR	api-int.ocp4.example.com. (2)
;
96.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa.	IN	PTR	bootstrap.ocp4.example.com. (3)
;
97.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa.	IN	PTR	control-plane0.ocp4.example.com. (4)
98.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa.	IN	PTR	control-plane1.ocp4.example.com. (4)
99.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa.	IN	PTR	control-plane2.ocp4.example.com. (4)
;
11.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa.	IN	PTR	compute0.ocp4.example.com. (5)
7.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa.	IN	PTR	compute1.ocp4.example.com. (5)
;
;EOF
1 Provides reverse DNS resolution for the Kubernetes API. The PTR record refers to the record name of the API load balancer.
2 Provides reverse DNS resolution for the Kubernetes API. The PTR record refers to the record name of the API load balancer and is used for internal cluster communications.
3 Provides reverse DNS resolution for the bootstrap machine.
4 Provides reverse DNS resolution for the control plane machines.
5 Provides reverse DNS resolution for the compute machines.

A PTR record is not required for the OKD application wildcard.
Additional resources

Load balancing requirements for user-provisioned infrastructure

Before you install OKD, you must provision the API and application Ingress load balancing infrastructure. In production scenarios, you can deploy the API and application Ingress load balancers separately so that you can scale the load balancer infrastructure for each in isolation.

If you want to deploy the API and application Ingress load balancers with a Fedora instance, you must purchase the Fedora subscription separately.

The load balancing infrastructure must meet the following requirements:

  1. API load balancer: Provides a common endpoint for users, both human and machine, to interact with and configure the platform. Configure the following conditions:

    • Layer 4 load balancing only. This can be referred to as Raw TCP or SSL Passthrough mode.

    • A stateless load balancing algorithm. The options vary based on the load balancer implementation.

    Do not configure session persistence for an API load balancer. Configuring session persistence for a Kubernetes API server might cause performance issues from excess application traffic for your OKD cluster and the Kubernetes API that runs inside the cluster.

    Configure the following ports on both the front and back of the load balancers:

    Table 7. API load balancer
    Port Back-end machines (pool members) Internal External Description

    6443

    Bootstrap and control plane. You remove the bootstrap machine from the load balancer after the bootstrap machine initializes the cluster control plane. You must configure the /readyz endpoint for the API server health check probe.

    X

    X

    Kubernetes API server

    22623

    Bootstrap and control plane. You remove the bootstrap machine from the load balancer after the bootstrap machine initializes the cluster control plane.

    X

    Machine config server

    The load balancer must be configured to take a maximum of 30 seconds from the time the API server turns off the /readyz endpoint to the removal of the API server instance from the pool. Within the time frame after /readyz returns an error or becomes healthy, the endpoint must have been removed or added. Probing every 5 or 10 seconds, with two successful requests to become healthy and three to become unhealthy, are well-tested values.

  2. Application Ingress load balancer: Provides an ingress point for application traffic flowing in from outside the cluster. A working configuration for the Ingress router is required for an OKD cluster.

    Configure the following conditions:

    • Layer 4 load balancing only. This can be referred to as Raw TCP or SSL Passthrough mode.

    • A connection-based or session-based persistence is recommended, based on the options available and types of applications that will be hosted on the platform.

    If the true IP address of the client can be seen by the application Ingress load balancer, enabling source IP-based session persistence can improve performance for applications that use end-to-end TLS encryption.

    Configure the following ports on both the front and back of the load balancers:

    Table 8. Application Ingress load balancer
    Port Back-end machines (pool members) Internal External Description

    443

    The machines that run the Ingress Controller pods, compute, or worker, by default.

    X

    X

    HTTPS traffic

    80

    The machines that run the Ingress Controller pods, compute, or worker, by default.

    X

    X

    HTTP traffic

    If you are deploying a three-node cluster with zero compute nodes, the Ingress Controller pods run on the control plane nodes. In three-node cluster deployments, you must configure your application Ingress load balancer to route HTTP and HTTPS traffic to the control plane nodes.

Example load balancer configuration for user-provisioned clusters

This section provides an example API and application Ingress load balancer configuration that meets the load balancing requirements for user-provisioned clusters. The sample is an /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg configuration for an HAProxy load balancer. The example is not meant to provide advice for choosing one load balancing solution over another.

In the example, the same load balancer is used for the Kubernetes API and application ingress traffic. In production scenarios, you can deploy the API and application ingress load balancers separately so that you can scale the load balancer infrastructure for each in isolation.

If you are using HAProxy as a load balancer and SELinux is set to enforcing, you must ensure that the HAProxy service can bind to the configured TCP port by running setsebool -P haproxy_connect_any=1.
Sample API and application Ingress load balancer configuration 
global
  log         127.0.0.1 local2
  pidfile     /var/run/haproxy.pid
  maxconn     4000
  daemon
defaults
  mode                    http
  log                     global
  option                  dontlognull
  option http-server-close
  option                  redispatch
  retries                 3
  timeout http-request    10s
  timeout queue           1m
  timeout connect         10s
  timeout client          1m
  timeout server          1m
  timeout http-keep-alive 10s
  timeout check           10s
  maxconn                 3000
listen api-server-6443 (1)
  bind *:6443
  mode tcp
  option  httpchk GET /readyz HTTP/1.0
  option  log-health-checks
  balance roundrobin
  server bootstrap bootstrap.ocp4.example.com:6443 verify none check check-ssl inter 10s fall 2 rise 3 backup (2)
  server master0 master0.ocp4.example.com:6443 weight 1 verify none check check-ssl inter 10s fall 2 rise 3
  server master1 master1.ocp4.example.com:6443 weight 1 verify none check check-ssl inter 10s fall 2 rise 3
  server master2 master2.ocp4.example.com:6443 weight 1 verify none check check-ssl inter 10s fall 2 rise 3
listen machine-config-server-22623 (3)
  bind *:22623
  mode tcp
  server bootstrap bootstrap.ocp4.example.com:22623 check inter 1s backup (2)
  server master0 master0.ocp4.example.com:22623 check inter 1s
  server master1 master1.ocp4.example.com:22623 check inter 1s
  server master2 master2.ocp4.example.com:22623 check inter 1s
listen ingress-router-443 (4)
  bind *:443
  mode tcp
  balance source
  server compute0 compute0.ocp4.example.com:443 check inter 1s
  server compute1 compute1.ocp4.example.com:443 check inter 1s
listen ingress-router-80 (5)
  bind *:80
  mode tcp
  balance source
  server compute0 compute0.ocp4.example.com:80 check inter 1s
  server compute1 compute1.ocp4.example.com:80 check inter 1s
1 Port 6443 handles the Kubernetes API traffic and points to the control plane machines.
2 The bootstrap entries must be in place before the OKD cluster installation and they must be removed after the bootstrap process is complete.
3 Port 22623 handles the machine config server traffic and points to the control plane machines.
4 Port 443 handles the HTTPS traffic and points to the machines that run the Ingress Controller pods. The Ingress Controller pods run on the compute machines by default.
5 Port 80 handles the HTTP traffic and points to the machines that run the Ingress Controller pods. The Ingress Controller pods run on the compute machines by default.

If you are deploying a three-node cluster with zero compute nodes, the Ingress Controller pods run on the control plane nodes. In three-node cluster deployments, you must configure your application Ingress load balancer to route HTTP and HTTPS traffic to the control plane nodes.

If you are using HAProxy as a load balancer, you can check that the haproxy process is listening on ports 6443, 22623, 443, and 80 by running netstat -nltupe on the HAProxy node.

Creating a manifest object that includes a customized br-ex bridge

As an alternative to using the configure-ovs.sh shell script to set a br-ex bridge on a bare-metal platform, you can create a MachineConfig object that includes an NMState configuration file. The host nmstate-configuration.service and nmstate.service apply the NMState configuration file to each node that runs in your cluster.

As an alternative to using the configure-ovs.sh shell script to set a br-ex bridge on a bare-metal platform, you can create a NodeNetworkConfigurationPolicy (NNCP) custom resource (CR) that includes an NMState configuration file.

The Kubernetes NMState Operator uses the NMState configuration file to create a customized br-ex bridge network configuration on each node in your cluster.

After creating the NodeNetworkConfigurationPolicy CR, copy content from the NMState configuration file that was created during cluster installation into the NNCP CR. An incomplete NNCP CR file means that the the network policy described in the file cannot get applied to nodes in the cluster.

This feature supports the following tasks:

  • Modifying the maximum transmission unit (MTU) for your cluster.

  • Modifying attributes of a different bond interface, such as MIImon (Media Independent Interface Monitor), bonding mode, or Quality of Service (QoS).

  • Updating DNS values.

Consider the following use cases for creating a manifest object that includes a customized br-ex bridge:

  • You want to make postinstallation changes to the bridge, such as changing the Open vSwitch (OVS) or OVN-Kubernetes br-ex bridge network. The configure-ovs.sh shell script does not support making postinstallation changes to the bridge.

  • You want to deploy the bridge on a different interface than the interface available on a host or server IP address.

  • You want to make advanced configurations to the bridge that are not possible with the configure-ovs.sh shell script. Using the script for these configurations might result in the bridge failing to connect multiple network interfaces and facilitating data forwarding between the interfaces.

If you require an environment with a single network interface controller (NIC) and default network settings, use the configure-ovs.sh shell script.

After you install Fedora CoreOS (FCOS) and the system reboots, the Machine Config Operator injects Ignition configuration files into each node in your cluster, so that each node received the br-ex bridge network configuration. To prevent configuration conflicts, the configure-ovs.sh shell script receives a signal to not configure the br-ex bridge.

Prerequisites

  • Optional: You have installed the nmstate API so that you can validate the NMState configuration.

Procedure

  1. Create a NMState configuration file that has decoded base64 information for your customized br-ex bridge network:

    Example of an NMState configuration for a customized br-ex bridge network
    interfaces:
- name: enp2s0
  type: ethernet
  state: up
  ipv4:
    enabled: false
  ipv6:
    enabled: false
- name: br-ex
  type: ovs-bridge
  state: up
  ipv4:
    enabled: false
    dhcp: false
  ipv6:
    enabled: false
    dhcp: false
  bridge:
    options:
      mcast-snooping-enable: true
    port:
    - name: enp2s0
    - name: br-ex
- name: br-ex
  type: ovs-interface
  state: up
  copy-mac-from: enp2s0
  ipv4:
    enabled: true
    dhcp: true
    auto-route-metric: 48
  ipv6:
    enabled: true
    dhcp: true
    auto-route-metric: 48
# ...

    where:

    interfaces.name

    Name of the interface.

    interfaces.type

    The type of ethernet.

    interfaces.state

    The requested state for the interface after creation.

    ipv4.enabled

    Disables IPv4 and IPv6 in this example.

    port.name

    The node NIC to which the bridge attaches.

    auto-route-metric

    Set the parameter to 48 to ensure the br-ex default route always has the highest precedence (lowest metric). This configuration prevents routing conflicts with any other interfaces that are automatically configured by the NetworkManager service.

  2. Use the cat command to base64-encode the contents of the NMState configuration:

    $ cat <nmstate_configuration>.yml | base64

    where:

    <nmstate_configuration>

    Replace <nmstate_configuration> with the name of your NMState resource YAML file.

  3. Create a MachineConfig manifest file and define a customized br-ex bridge network configuration analogous to the following example:

    apiVersion: machineconfiguration.openshift.io/v1
kind: MachineConfig
metadata:
  labels:
    machineconfiguration.openshift.io/role: worker
  name: 10-br-ex-worker
spec:
  config:
    ignition:
      version: 3.2.0
    storage:
      files:
      - contents:
          source: data:text/plain;charset=utf-8;base64,<base64_encoded_nmstate_configuration>
        mode: 0644
        overwrite: true
        path: /etc/nmstate/openshift/worker-0.yml
      - contents:
          source: data:text/plain;charset=utf-8;base64,<base64_encoded_nmstate_configuration>
        mode: 0644
        overwrite: true
        path: /etc/nmstate/openshift/worker-1.yml
# ...

    where:

    metadata.name

    The name of the policy.

    contents.source

    Writes the encoded base64 information to the specified path.

    path

    For each node in your cluster, specify the hostname path to your node and the base-64 encoded Ignition configuration file data for the machine type. The worker role is the default role for nodes in your cluster. You must use the .yml extension for configuration files, such as $(hostname -s).yml when specifying the short hostname path for each node or all nodes in the MachineConfig manifest file.

    If you have a single global configuration specified in an /etc/nmstate/openshift/cluster.yml configuration file that you want to apply to all nodes in your cluster, you do not need to specify the short hostname path for each node, such as /etc/nmstate/openshift/<node_hostname>.yml. For example:

    # ...
      - contents:
          source: data:text/plain;charset=utf-8;base64,<base64_encoded_nmstate_configuration>
        mode: 0644
        overwrite: true
        path: /etc/nmstate/openshift/cluster.yml
# ...

  4. Apply the updates from the MachineConfig object to your cluster by entering the following command:

    $ oc apply -f <machine_config>.yml
Next steps

  • Scaling compute nodes to apply the manifest object that includes a customized br-ex bridge to each compute node that exists in your cluster. For more information, see "Expanding the cluster" in the Additional resources section.

Additional resources

Optional: Scaling each machine set to compute nodes

To apply a customized br-ex bridge configuration to all compute nodes in your OKD cluster, you must edit your MachineConfig custom resource (CR) and modify its roles. Additionally, you must create a BareMetalHost CR that defines information for your bare-metal machine, such as hostname, credentials, and so on.

After you configure these resources, you must scale machine sets, so that the machine sets can apply the resource configuration to each compute node and reboot the nodes.

Prerequisites

  • You created a MachineConfig manifest object that includes a customized br-ex bridge configuration.

Procedure

  1. Edit the MachineConfig CR by entering the following command:

    $ oc edit mc <machineconfig_custom_resource_name>

  2. Add each compute node configuration to the CR, so that the CR can manage roles for each defined compute node in your cluster.

  3. Create a Secret object named extraworker-secret that has a minimal static IP configuration.

  4. Apply the extraworker-secret secret to each node in your cluster by entering the following command. This step provides each compute node access to the Ignition config file.

    $ oc apply -f ./extraworker-secret.yaml

  5. Create a BareMetalHost resource and specify the network secret in the preprovisioningNetworkDataName parameter:

    Example BareMetalHost resource with an attached network secret
    apiVersion: metal3.io/v1alpha1
kind: BareMetalHost
spec:
# ...
  preprovisioningNetworkDataName: ostest-extraworker-0-network-config-secret
# ...

  6. To manage the BareMetalHost object within the openshift-machine-api namespace of your cluster, change to the namespace by entering the following command:

    $ oc project openshift-machine-api

  7. Get the machine sets:

    $ oc get machinesets

  8. Scale each machine set by entering the following command. You must run this command for each machine set.

    $ oc scale machineset <machineset_name> --replicas=<n> (1)
    1 Where <machineset_name> is the name of the machine set and <n> is the number of compute nodes.

Preparing the user-provisioned infrastructure

Before you install OKD on user-provisioned infrastructure, you must prepare the underlying infrastructure.

This section provides details about the high-level steps required to set up your cluster infrastructure in preparation for an OKD installation. This includes configuring IP networking and network connectivity for your cluster nodes, enabling the required ports through your firewall, and setting up the required DNS and load balancing infrastructure.

After preparation, your cluster infrastructure must meet the requirements outlined in the Requirements for a cluster with user-provisioned infrastructure section.

Prerequisites

  • You have reviewed the OKD 4.x Tested Integrations page.

  • You have reviewed the infrastructure requirements detailed in the Requirements for a cluster with user-provisioned infrastructure section.

Procedure

  1. If you are using DHCP to provide the IP networking configuration to your cluster nodes, configure your DHCP service.

    1. Add persistent IP addresses for the nodes to your DHCP server configuration. In your configuration, match the MAC address of the relevant network interface to the intended IP address for each node.

    2. When you use DHCP to configure IP addressing for the cluster machines, the machines also obtain the DNS server information through DHCP. Define the persistent DNS server address that is used by the cluster nodes through your DHCP server configuration.

      If you are not using a DHCP service, you must provide the IP networking configuration and the address of the DNS server to the nodes at FCOS install time. These can be passed as boot arguments if you are installing from an ISO image. See the Installing FCOS and starting the OKD bootstrap process section for more information about static IP provisioning and advanced networking options.

    3. Define the hostnames of your cluster nodes in your DHCP server configuration. See the Setting the cluster node hostnames through DHCP section for details about hostname considerations.

      If you are not using a DHCP service, the cluster nodes obtain their hostname through a reverse DNS lookup.

  2. Ensure that your network infrastructure provides the required network connectivity between the cluster components. See the Networking requirements for user-provisioned infrastructure section for details about the requirements.

  3. Configure your firewall to enable the ports required for the OKD cluster components to communicate. See Networking requirements for user-provisioned infrastructure section for details about the ports that are required.

    By default, port 1936 is accessible for an OKD cluster, because each control plane node needs access to this port.

    Avoid using the Ingress load balancer to expose this port, because doing so might result in the exposure of sensitive information, such as statistics and metrics, related to Ingress Controllers.

  4. Setup the required DNS infrastructure for your cluster.

    1. Configure DNS name resolution for the Kubernetes API, the application wildcard, the bootstrap machine, the control plane machines, and the compute machines.

    2. Configure reverse DNS resolution for the Kubernetes API, the bootstrap machine, the control plane machines, and the compute machines.

      See the user-provisioned DNS requirements section for more information about the OKD DNS requirements.

  5. Validate your DNS configuration.

    1. From your installation node, run DNS lookups against the record names of the Kubernetes API, the wildcard routes, and the cluster nodes. Validate that the IP addresses in the responses correspond to the correct components.

    2. From your installation node, run reverse DNS lookups against the IP addresses of the load balancer and the cluster nodes. Validate that the record names in the responses correspond to the correct components.

      See the Validating DNS resolution for user-provisioned infrastructure section for detailed DNS validation steps.

  6. Provision the required API and application ingress load balancing infrastructure. See the Load balancing requirements for user-provisioned infrastructure section for more information about the requirements.

Some load balancing solutions require the DNS name resolution for the cluster nodes to be in place before the load balancing is initialized.
Additional resources

Validating DNS resolution for user-provisioned infrastructure

You can validate your DNS configuration before installing OKD on user-provisioned infrastructure.

The validation steps detailed in this section must succeed before you install your cluster.
Prerequisites

  • You have configured the required DNS records for your user-provisioned infrastructure.

Procedure

  1. From your installation node, run DNS lookups against the record names of the Kubernetes API, the wildcard routes, and the cluster nodes. Validate that the IP addresses contained in the responses correspond to the correct components.

    1. Perform a lookup against the Kubernetes API record name. Check that the result points to the IP address of the API load balancer:

      $ dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> api.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> (1)
      1 Replace <nameserver_ip> with the IP address of the nameserver, <cluster_name> with your cluster name, and <base_domain> with your base domain name.
      Example output
      api.ocp4.example.com.		604800	IN	A	192.168.1.5

    2. Perform a lookup against the Kubernetes internal API record name. Check that the result points to the IP address of the API load balancer:

      $ dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> api-int.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>
      Example output
      api-int.ocp4.example.com.		604800	IN	A	192.168.1.5

    3. Test an example *.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> DNS wildcard lookup. All of the application wildcard lookups must resolve to the IP address of the application ingress load balancer:

      $ dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> random.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>
      Example output
      random.apps.ocp4.example.com.		604800	IN	A	192.168.1.5

      In the example outputs, the same load balancer is used for the Kubernetes API and application ingress traffic. In production scenarios, you can deploy the API and application ingress load balancers separately so that you can scale the load balancer infrastructure for each in isolation.

      You can replace random with another wildcard value. For example, you can query the route to the OKD console:

      $ dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> console-openshift-console.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>
      Example output
      console-openshift-console.apps.ocp4.example.com. 604800 IN	A 192.168.1.5

    4. Run a lookup against the bootstrap DNS record name. Check that the result points to the IP address of the bootstrap node:

      $ dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> bootstrap.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>
      Example output
      bootstrap.ocp4.example.com.		604800	IN	A	192.168.1.96

    5. Use this method to perform lookups against the DNS record names for the control plane and compute nodes. Check that the results correspond to the IP addresses of each node.

  2. From your installation node, run reverse DNS lookups against the IP addresses of the load balancer and the cluster nodes. Validate that the record names contained in the responses correspond to the correct components.

    1. Perform a reverse lookup against the IP address of the API load balancer. Check that the response includes the record names for the Kubernetes API and the Kubernetes internal API:

      $ dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> -x 192.168.1.5
      Example output
      5.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 604800	IN	PTR	api-int.ocp4.example.com. (1)
5.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 604800	IN	PTR	api.ocp4.example.com. (2)
      1 Provides the record name for the Kubernetes internal API.
      2 Provides the record name for the Kubernetes API.

      A PTR record is not required for the OKD application wildcard. No validation step is needed for reverse DNS resolution against the IP address of the application ingress load balancer.

    2. Perform a reverse lookup against the IP address of the bootstrap node. Check that the result points to the DNS record name of the bootstrap node:

      $ dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> -x 192.168.1.96
      Example output
      96.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 604800	IN	PTR	bootstrap.ocp4.example.com.

    3. Use this method to perform reverse lookups against the IP addresses for the control plane and compute nodes. Check that the results correspond to the DNS record names of each node.

Additional resources

Generating a key pair for cluster node SSH access

During an OKD installation, you can provide an SSH public key to the installation program. The key is passed to the Fedora CoreOS (FCOS) nodes through their Ignition config files and is used to authenticate SSH access to the nodes. The key is added to the ~/.ssh/authorized_keys list for the core user on each node, which enables password-less authentication.

After the key is passed to the nodes, you can use the key pair to SSH in to the FCOS nodes as the user core. To access the nodes through SSH, the private key identity must be managed by SSH for your local user.

If you want to SSH in to your cluster nodes to perform installation debugging or disaster recovery, you must provide the SSH public key during the installation process. The ./openshift-install gather command also requires the SSH public key to be in place on the cluster nodes.

Do not skip this procedure in production environments, where disaster recovery and debugging is required.

You must use a local key, not one that you configured with platform-specific approaches such as AWS key pairs.

On clusters running Fedora CoreOS (FCOS), the SSH keys specified in the Ignition config files are written to the /home/core/.ssh/authorized_keys.d/core file. However, the Machine Config Operator manages SSH keys in the /home/core/.ssh/authorized_keys file and configures sshd to ignore the /home/core/.ssh/authorized_keys.d/core file. As a result, newly provisioned OKD nodes are not accessible using SSH until the Machine Config Operator reconciles the machine configs with the authorized_keys file. After you can access the nodes using SSH, you can delete the /home/core/.ssh/authorized_keys.d/core file.
Procedure

  1. If you do not have an existing SSH key pair on your local machine to use for authentication onto your cluster nodes, create one. For example, on a computer that uses a Linux operating system, run the following command:

    $ ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -N '' -f <path>/<file_name> (1)
    1 Specify the path and file name, such as ~/.ssh/id_ed25519, of the new SSH key. If you have an existing key pair, ensure your public key is in the your ~/.ssh directory.

    If you plan to install an OKD cluster that uses the Fedora cryptographic libraries that have been submitted to NIST for FIPS 140-2/140-3 Validation on only the x86_64, ppc64le, and s390x architectures, do not create a key that uses the ed25519 algorithm. Instead, create a key that uses the rsa or ecdsa algorithm.

  2. View the public SSH key:

    $ cat <path>/<file_name>.pub

    For example, run the following to view the ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub public key:

    $ cat ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub

  3. Add the SSH private key identity to the SSH agent for your local user, if it has not already been added. SSH agent management of the key is required for password-less SSH authentication onto your cluster nodes, or if you want to use the ./openshift-install gather command.

    On some distributions, default SSH private key identities such as ~/.ssh/id_rsa and ~/.ssh/id_dsa are managed automatically.

    1. If the ssh-agent process is not already running for your local user, start it as a background task:

      $ eval "$(ssh-agent -s)"
      Example output
      Agent pid 31874

      If your cluster is in FIPS mode, only use FIPS-compliant algorithms to generate the SSH key. The key must be either RSA or ECDSA.

  4. Add your SSH private key to the ssh-agent:

    $ ssh-add <path>/<file_name> (1)
    1 Specify the path and file name for your SSH private key, such as ~/.ssh/id_ed25519
    Example output
    Identity added: /home/<you>/<path>/<file_name> (<computer_name>)
Next steps

  • When you install OKD, provide the SSH public key to the installation program. If you install a cluster on infrastructure that you provision, you must provide the key to the installation program.

Additional resources

Obtaining the installation program

Before you install OKD, download the installation file on the host you are using for installation.

Prerequisites

  • You have a computer that runs Linux or macOS, with at least 1.2 GB of local disk space.

Procedure

  1. Download the installation program from https://github.com/openshift/okd/releases.

    • The installation program creates several files on the computer that you use to install your cluster. You must keep the installation program and the files that the installation program creates after you finish installing the cluster. Both of the files are required to delete the cluster.

    • Deleting the files created by the installation program does not remove your cluster, even if the cluster failed during installation. To remove your cluster, complete the OKD uninstallation procedures for your specific cloud provider.

  2. Extract the installation program. For example, on a computer that uses a Linux operating system, run the following command:

    $ tar -xvf openshift-install-linux.tar.gz

  3. Download your installation pull secret from Red Hat OpenShift Cluster Manager. This pull secret allows you to authenticate with the services that are provided by the included authorities, including Quay.io, which serves the container images for OKD components.

    Using a pull secret from Red Hat OpenShift Cluster Manager is not required. You can use a pull secret for another private registry. Or, if you do not need the cluster to pull images from a private registry, you can use {"auths":{"fake":{"auth":"aWQ6cGFzcwo="}}} as the pull secret when prompted during the installation.

    If you do not use the pull secret from Red Hat OpenShift Cluster Manager:

    • Red Hat Operators are not available.

    • The Telemetry and Insights operators do not send data to Red Hat.

    • Content from the Red Hat Ecosystem Catalog Container images registry, such as image streams and Operators, are not available.

Installing the OpenShift CLI on Linux

You can install the OpenShift CLI (oc) to interact with OKD from a command-line interface. You can install oc on Linux, Windows, or macOS.

If you installed an earlier version of oc, you cannot use it to complete all of the commands in OKD 4.16. Download and install the new version of oc.
Procedure

  1. Navigate to https://mirror.openshift.com/pub/openshift-v4/clients/oc/latest/ and choose the folder for your operating system and architecture.

  2. Download oc.tar.gz.

  3. Unpack the archive:

    $ tar xvf <file>

  4. Place the oc binary in a directory that is on your PATH.

    To check your PATH, execute the following command:

    $ echo $PATH
Verification

  • After you install the OpenShift CLI, it is available using the oc command:

    $ oc <command>

Installing the OpenShift CLI on Windows

You can install the OpenShift CLI (oc) binary on Windows.

If you installed an earlier version of oc, you cannot use it to complete all of the commands in OKD.

Download and install the new version of oc.
Procedure

  1. Navigate to https://mirror.openshift.com/pub/openshift-v4/clients/oc/latest/ and choose the folder for your operating system and architecture.

  2. Download oc.zip.

  3. Extract the archive with a ZIP program.

  4. Move the oc binary to a directory that is on your PATH variable.

    To check your PATH variable, open the command prompt and execute the following command:

    C:\> path
Verification

  • After you install the OpenShift CLI, it is available using the oc command:

    C:\> oc <command>

Installing the OpenShift CLI on macOS

You can install the OpenShift CLI (oc) binary on macOS.

If you installed an earlier version of oc, you cannot use it to complete all of the commands in OKD.

Download and install the new version of oc.
Procedure

  1. Navigate to https://mirror.openshift.com/pub/openshift-v4/clients/oc/latest/ and choose the folder for your operating system and architecture.

  2. Download oc.tar.gz.

  3. Unpack and unzip the archive.

  4. Move the oc binary to a directory on your PATH variable.

    To check your PATH variable, open a terminal and execute the following command:

    $ echo $PATH
Verification

  • Verify your installation by using an oc command:

    $ oc <command>

Manually creating the installation configuration file

Installing the cluster requires that you manually create the installation configuration file.

Prerequisites

  • You have an SSH public key on your local machine for use with the installation program. You can use the key for SSH authentication onto your cluster nodes for debugging and disaster recovery.

  • You have obtained the OKD installation program and the pull secret for your cluster.

Procedure

  1. Create an installation directory to store your required installation assets in:

    $ mkdir <installation_directory>

    You must create a directory. Some installation assets, such as bootstrap X.509 certificates have short expiration intervals, so you must not reuse an installation directory. If you want to reuse individual files from another cluster installation, you can copy them into your directory. However, the file names for the installation assets might change between releases. Use caution when copying installation files from an earlier OKD version.

  2. Customize the provided sample install-config.yaml file template and save the file in the <installation_directory>.

    You must name this configuration file install-config.yaml.

  3. Back up the install-config.yaml file so that you can use it to install many clusters.

    Back up the install-config.yaml file now, because the installation process consumes the file in the next step.
Additional resources

Sample install-config.yaml file for bare metal

You can customize the install-config.yaml file to specify more details about your OKD cluster’s platform or modify the values of the required parameters.

apiVersion: v1
baseDomain: example.com (1)
compute: (2)
- hyperthreading: Enabled (3)
  name: worker
  replicas: 0 (4)
controlPlane: (2)
  hyperthreading: Enabled (3)
  name: master
  replicas: 3 (5)
metadata:
  name: test (6)
networking:
  clusterNetwork:
  - cidr: 10.128.0.0/14 (7)
    hostPrefix: 23 (8)
  networkType: OVNKubernetes (9)
  serviceNetwork: (10)
  - 172.30.0.0/16
platform:
  none: {} (11)
pullSecret: '{"auths": ...}' (12)
sshKey: 'ssh-ed25519 AAAA...' (13)
1 The base domain of the cluster. All DNS records must be sub-domains of this base and include the cluster name.
2 The controlPlane section is a single mapping, but the compute section is a sequence of mappings. To meet the requirements of the different data structures, the first line of the compute section must begin with a hyphen, -, and the first line of the controlPlane section must not. Only one control plane pool is used.
3 Specifies whether to enable or disable simultaneous multithreading (SMT), or hyperthreading. By default, SMT is enabled to increase the performance of the cores in your machines. You can disable it by setting the parameter value to Disabled. If you disable SMT, you must disable it in all cluster machines; this includes both control plane and compute machines.

Simultaneous multithreading (SMT) is enabled by default. If SMT is not enabled in your BIOS settings, the hyperthreading parameter has no effect.

If you disable hyperthreading, whether in the BIOS or in the install-config.yaml file, ensure that your capacity planning accounts for the dramatically decreased machine performance.
4 You must set this value to 0 when you install OKD on user-provisioned infrastructure. In installer-provisioned installations, the parameter controls the number of compute machines that the cluster creates and manages for you. In user-provisioned installations, you must manually deploy the compute machines before you finish installing the cluster.

If you are installing a three-node cluster, do not deploy any compute machines when you install the Fedora CoreOS (FCOS) machines.
5 The number of control plane machines that you add to the cluster. Because the cluster uses these values as the number of etcd endpoints in the cluster, the value must match the number of control plane machines that you deploy.
6 The cluster name that you specified in your DNS records.
7 A block of IP addresses from which pod IP addresses are allocated. This block must not overlap with existing physical networks. These IP addresses are used for the pod network. If you need to access the pods from an external network, you must configure load balancers and routers to manage the traffic.

Class E CIDR range is reserved for a future use. To use the Class E CIDR range, you must ensure your networking environment accepts the IP addresses within the Class E CIDR range.
8 The subnet prefix length to assign to each individual node. For example, if hostPrefix is set to 23, then each node is assigned a /23 subnet out of the given cidr, which allows for 510 (2^(32 - 23) - 2) pod IP addresses. If you are required to provide access to nodes from an external network, configure load balancers and routers to manage the traffic.
9 The cluster network plugin to install. The default value OVNKubernetes is the only supported value.
10 The IP address pool to use for service IP addresses. You can enter only one IP address pool. This block must not overlap with existing physical networks. If you need to access the services from an external network, configure load balancers and routers to manage the traffic.
11 You must set the platform to none. You cannot provide additional platform configuration variables for your platform.

Clusters that are installed with the platform type none are unable to use some features, such as managing compute machines with the Machine API. This limitation applies even if the compute machines that are attached to the cluster are installed on a platform that would normally support the feature. This parameter cannot be changed after installation.
12 The pull secret from Red Hat OpenShift Cluster Manager. This pull secret allows you to authenticate with the services that are provided by the included authorities, including Quay.io, which serves the container images for OKD components.
13 The SSH public key for the core user in Fedora CoreOS (FCOS).

For production OKD clusters on which you want to perform installation debugging or disaster recovery, specify an SSH key that your ssh-agent process uses.
Additional resources

Configuring the cluster-wide proxy during installation

Production environments can deny direct access to the internet and instead have an HTTP or HTTPS proxy available. You can configure a new OKD cluster to use a proxy by configuring the proxy settings in the install-config.yaml file.

For bare metal installations, if you do not assign node IP addresses from the range that is specified in the networking.machineNetwork[].cidr field in the install-config.yaml file, you must include them in the proxy.noProxy field.
Prerequisites

  • You have an existing install-config.yaml file.

  • You reviewed the sites that your cluster requires access to and determined whether any of them need to bypass the proxy. By default, all cluster egress traffic is proxied, including calls to hosting cloud provider APIs. You added sites to the Proxy object’s spec.noProxy field to bypass the proxy if necessary.

    The Proxy object status.noProxy field is populated with the values of the networking.machineNetwork[].cidr, networking.clusterNetwork[].cidr, and networking.serviceNetwork[] fields from your installation configuration.

    For installations on Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Cloud, Microsoft Azure, and OpenStack, the Proxy object status.noProxy field is also populated with the instance metadata endpoint (169.254.169.254).
Procedure

  1. Edit your install-config.yaml file and add the proxy settings. For example:

    apiVersion: v1
baseDomain: my.domain.com
proxy:
  httpProxy: http://<username>:<pswd>@<ip>:<port> (1)
  httpsProxy: https://<username>:<pswd>@<ip>:<port> (2)
  noProxy: example.com (3)
additionalTrustBundle: | (4)
    -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
    <MY_TRUSTED_CA_CERT>
    -----END CERTIFICATE-----
additionalTrustBundlePolicy: <policy_to_add_additionalTrustBundle> (5)
    1 A proxy URL to use for creating HTTP connections outside the cluster. The URL scheme must be http.
    2 A proxy URL to use for creating HTTPS connections outside the cluster.
    3 A comma-separated list of destination domain names, IP addresses, or other network CIDRs to exclude from proxying. Preface a domain with . to match subdomains only. For example, .y.com matches x.y.com, but not y.com. Use * to bypass the proxy for all destinations.
    4 If provided, the installation program generates a config map that is named user-ca-bundle in the openshift-config namespace that contains one or more additional CA certificates that are required for proxying HTTPS connections. The Cluster Network Operator then creates a trusted-ca-bundle config map that merges these contents with the Fedora CoreOS (FCOS) trust bundle, and this config map is referenced in the trustedCA field of the Proxy object. The additionalTrustBundle field is required unless the proxy’s identity certificate is signed by an authority from the FCOS trust bundle.
    5 Optional: The policy to determine the configuration of the Proxy object to reference the user-ca-bundle config map in the trustedCA field. The allowed values are Proxyonly and Always. Use Proxyonly to reference the user-ca-bundle config map only when http/https proxy is configured. Use Always to always reference the user-ca-bundle config map. The default value is Proxyonly.

    The installation program does not support the proxy readinessEndpoints field.

    If the installer times out, restart and then complete the deployment by using the wait-for command of the installer. For example:

    $ ./openshift-install wait-for install-complete --log-level debug

  2. Save the file and reference it when installing OKD.

The installation program creates a cluster-wide proxy that is named cluster that uses the proxy settings in the provided install-config.yaml file. If no proxy settings are provided, a cluster Proxy object is still created, but it will have a nil spec.

Only the Proxy object named cluster is supported, and no additional proxies can be created.

Configuring a three-node cluster

Optionally, you can deploy zero compute machines in a bare metal cluster that consists of three control plane machines only. This provides smaller, more resource efficient clusters for cluster administrators and developers to use for testing, development, and production.

In three-node OKD environments, the three control plane machines are schedulable, which means that your application workloads are scheduled to run on them.

Prerequisites

  • You have an existing install-config.yaml file.

Procedure

  • Ensure that the number of compute replicas is set to 0 in your install-config.yaml file, as shown in the following compute stanza:

    compute:
- name: worker
  platform: {}
  replicas: 0

    You must set the value of the replicas parameter for the compute machines to 0 when you install OKD on user-provisioned infrastructure, regardless of the number of compute machines you are deploying. In installer-provisioned installations, the parameter controls the number of compute machines that the cluster creates and manages for you. This does not apply to user-provisioned installations, where the compute machines are deployed manually.

For three-node cluster installations, follow these next steps:

  • If you are deploying a three-node cluster with zero compute nodes, the Ingress Controller pods run on the control plane nodes. In three-node cluster deployments, you must configure your application ingress load balancer to route HTTP and HTTPS traffic to the control plane nodes. See the Load balancing requirements for user-provisioned infrastructure section for more information.

  • When you create the Kubernetes manifest files in the following procedure, ensure that the mastersSchedulable parameter in the <installation_directory>/manifests/cluster-scheduler-02-config.yml file is set to true. This enables your application workloads to run on the control plane nodes.

  • Do not deploy any compute nodes when you create the Fedora CoreOS (FCOS) machines.

Creating the Kubernetes manifest and Ignition config files

Because you must modify some cluster definition files and manually start the cluster machines, you must generate the Kubernetes manifest and Ignition config files that the cluster needs to configure the machines.

The installation configuration file transforms into the Kubernetes manifests. The manifests wrap into the Ignition configuration files, which are later used to configure the cluster machines.

  • The Ignition config files that the OKD installation program generates contain certificates that expire after 24 hours, which are then renewed at that time. If the cluster is shut down before renewing the certificates and the cluster is later restarted after the 24 hours have elapsed, the cluster automatically recovers the expired certificates. The exception is that you must manually approve the pending node-bootstrapper certificate signing requests (CSRs) to recover kubelet certificates. See the documentation for Recovering from expired control plane certificates for more information.

  • It is recommended that you use Ignition config files within 12 hours after they are generated because the 24-hour certificate rotates from 16 to 22 hours after the cluster is installed. By using the Ignition config files within 12 hours, you can avoid installation failure if the certificate update runs during installation.
Prerequisites

  • You obtained the OKD installation program.

  • You created the install-config.yaml installation configuration file.

Procedure

  1. Change to the directory that contains the OKD installation program and generate the Kubernetes manifests for the cluster:

    $ ./openshift-install create manifests --dir <installation_directory> (1)
    1 For <installation_directory>, specify the installation directory that contains the install-config.yaml file you created.

    If you are installing a three-node cluster, skip the following step to allow the control plane nodes to be schedulable.

    When you configure control plane nodes from the default unschedulable to schedulable, additional subscriptions are required. This is because control plane nodes then become compute nodes.

  2. Check that the mastersSchedulable parameter in the <installation_directory>/manifests/cluster-scheduler-02-config.yml Kubernetes manifest file is set to false. This setting prevents pods from being scheduled on the control plane machines:

    1. Open the <installation_directory>/manifests/cluster-scheduler-02-config.yml file.

    2. Locate the mastersSchedulable parameter and ensure that it is set to false.

    3. Save and exit the file.

  3. To create the Ignition configuration files, run the following command from the directory that contains the installation program:

    $ ./openshift-install create ignition-configs --dir <installation_directory> (1)
    1 For <installation_directory>, specify the same installation directory.

    Ignition config files are created for the bootstrap, control plane, and compute nodes in the installation directory. The kubeadmin-password and kubeconfig files are created in the ./<installation_directory>/auth directory:

    .
├── auth
│   ├── kubeadmin-password
│   └── kubeconfig
├── bootstrap.ign
├── master.ign
├── metadata.json
└── worker.ign
Additional resources

Installing FCOS and starting the OKD bootstrap process

To install OKD on bare metal infrastructure that you provision, you must install Fedora CoreOS (FCOS) on the machines. When you install FCOS, you must provide the Ignition config file that was generated by the OKD installation program for the type of machine you are installing. If you have configured suitable networking, DNS, and load balancing infrastructure, the OKD bootstrap process begins automatically after the FCOS machines have rebooted.

To install FCOS on the machines, follow either the steps to use an ISO image or network PXE booting.

The compute node deployment steps included in this installation document are FCOS-specific. If you choose instead to deploy Fedora-based compute nodes, you take responsibility for all operating system life cycle management and maintenance, including performing system updates, applying patches, and completing all other required tasks. Only Fedora 8 compute machines are supported.

You can configure FCOS during ISO and PXE installations by using the following methods:

  • Kernel arguments: You can use kernel arguments to provide installation-specific information. For example, you can specify the locations of the FCOS installation files that you uploaded to your HTTP server and the location of the Ignition config file for the type of node you are installing. For a PXE installation, you can use the APPEND parameter to pass the arguments to the kernel of the live installer. For an ISO installation, you can interrupt the live installation boot process to add the kernel arguments. In both installation cases, you can use special coreos.inst.* arguments to direct the live installer, as well as standard installation boot arguments for turning standard kernel services on or off.

  • Ignition configs: OKD Ignition config files (*.ign) are specific to the type of node you are installing. You pass the location of a bootstrap, control plane, or compute node Ignition config file during the FCOS installation so that it takes effect on first boot. In special cases, you can create a separate, limited Ignition config to pass to the live system. That Ignition config could do a certain set of tasks, such as reporting success to a provisioning system after completing installation. This special Ignition config is consumed by the coreos-installer to be applied on first boot of the installed system. Do not provide the standard control plane and compute node Ignition configs to the live ISO directly.

  • coreos-installer: You can boot the live ISO installer to a shell prompt, which allows you to prepare the permanent system in a variety of ways before first boot. In particular, you can run the coreos-installer command to identify various artifacts to include, work with disk partitions, and set up networking. In some cases, you can configure features on the live system and copy them to the installed system.

    As of version 0.17.0-3, coreos-installer requires Fedora 9 or later to run the program. You can still use older versions of coreos-installer to customize FCOS artifacts of newer OKD releases and install metal images to disk. You can download older versions of the coreos-installer binary from the coreos-installer image mirror page.

Whether to use an ISO or PXE install depends on your situation. A PXE install requires an available DHCP service and more preparation, but can make the installation process more automated. An ISO install is a more manual process and can be inconvenient if you are setting up more than a few machines.

Installing FCOS by using an ISO image

You can use an ISO image to install FCOS on the machines.

Prerequisites

  • You have created the Ignition config files for your cluster.

  • You have configured suitable network, DNS and load balancing infrastructure.

  • You have an HTTP server that can be accessed from your computer, and from the machines that you create.

  • You have reviewed the Advanced FCOS installation configuration section for different ways to configure features, such as networking and disk partitioning.

Procedure

  1. Obtain the SHA512 digest for each of your Ignition config files. For example, you can use the following on a system running Linux to get the SHA512 digest for your bootstrap.ign Ignition config file:

    $ sha512sum <installation_directory>/bootstrap.ign

    The digests are provided to the coreos-installer in a later step to validate the authenticity of the Ignition config files on the cluster nodes.

  2. Upload the bootstrap, control plane, and compute node Ignition config files that the installation program created to your HTTP server. Note the URLs of these files.

    You can add or change configuration settings in your Ignition configs before saving them to your HTTP server. If you plan to add more compute machines to your cluster after you finish installation, do not delete these files.

  3. From the installation host, validate that the Ignition config files are available on the URLs. The following example gets the Ignition config file for the bootstrap node:

    $ curl -k http://<HTTP_server>/bootstrap.ign

    • <HTTP_server>: Replace bootstrap.ign with master.ign or worker.ign in the command to validate that the Ignition config files for the control plane and compute nodes are also available.

      Example output
        % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
  0     0    0     0    0     0      0      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:--     0{"ignition":{"version":"3.2.0"},"passwd":{"users":[{"name":"core","sshAuthorizedKeys":["ssh-rsa...

  4. Although it is possible to obtain the FCOS images that are required for your preferred method of installing operating system instances from the FCOS page, the recommended way to obtain the correct version of your FCOS images are from the output of openshift-install command:

    $ openshift-install coreos print-stream-json | grep '\.iso[^.]'
    Example output
    "location": "<url>/prod/streams/stable/builds/<release>/x86_64/fedora-coreos-<release>-live.x86_64.iso",

    The FCOS images might not change with every release of OKD. You must download images with the highest version that is less than or equal to the OKD version that you install. Use the image versions that match your OKD version if they are available. Use only ISO images for this procedure. FCOS qcow2 images are not supported for this installation type.

    ISO file names resemble the following example:

    fedora-coreos-<version>-live.<architecture>.iso

  5. Use the ISO to start the FCOS installation. Use one of the following installation options:

    • Burn the ISO image to a disk and boot it directly.

    • Use ISO redirection by using a lights-out management (LOM) interface.

  6. Boot the FCOS ISO image without specifying any options or interrupting the live boot sequence. Wait for the installer to boot into a shell prompt in the FCOS live environment.

    It is possible to interrupt the FCOS installation boot process to add kernel arguments. However, for this ISO procedure you should use the coreos-installer command as outlined in the following steps, instead of adding kernel arguments.

  7. Run the coreos-installer command and specify the options that meet your installation requirements. At a minimum, you must specify the URL that points to the Ignition config file for the node type, and the device that you are installing to:

    $ sudo coreos-installer install --ignition-url=http://<HTTP_server>/<node_type>.ign <device> \
--ignition-hash=sha512-<digest>

    • <device>: You must run the coreos-installer command by using sudo, because the core user does not have the required root privileges to perform the installation.

    • <digest>: The --ignition-hash option is required when the Ignition config file is obtained through an HTTP URL to validate the authenticity of the Ignition config file on the cluster node. <digest> is the Ignition config file SHA512 digest obtained in a preceding step.

      If you want to provide your Ignition config files through an HTTPS server that uses TLS, you can add the internal certificate authority (CA) to the system trust store before running coreos-installer.

      The following example initializes a bootstrap node installation to the /dev/sda device. The Ignition config file for the bootstrap node is obtained from an HTTP web server with the IP address 192.168.1.2:

  8. Monitor the progress of the FCOS installation on the console of the machine.

    Be sure that the installation is successful on each node before commencing with the OKD installation. Observing the installation process can also help to determine the cause of FCOS installation issues that might arise.

  9. After FCOS installs, you must reboot the system. During the system reboot, it applies the Ignition config file that you specified.

  10. Check the console output to verify that Ignition ran.

    Example command
    Ignition: ran on 2022/03/14 14:48:33 UTC (this boot)
Ignition: user-provided config was applied

  11. Continue to create the other machines for your cluster.

    You must create the bootstrap and control plane machines at this time. If the control plane machines are not made schedulable, also create at least two compute machines before you install OKD.

    If the required network, DNS, and load balancer infrastructure are in place, the OKD bootstrap process begins automatically after the FCOS nodes have rebooted.

    FCOS nodes do not include a default password for the core user. You can access the nodes by running ssh core@<node>.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> as a user with access to the SSH private key that is paired to the public key that you specified in your install_config.yaml file. OKD 4 cluster nodes running FCOS are immutable and rely on Operators to apply cluster changes. Accessing cluster nodes by using SSH is not recommended. However, when investigating installation issues, if the OKD API is not available, or the kubelet is not properly functioning on a target node, SSH access might be required for debugging or disaster recovery.

Installing FCOS by using PXE or iPXE booting

You can use PXE or iPXE booting to install FCOS on the machines.

Prerequisites

  • You have created the Ignition config files for your cluster.

  • You have configured suitable network, DNS and load balancing infrastructure.

  • You have configured suitable PXE or iPXE infrastructure.

  • You have an HTTP server that can be accessed from your computer, and from the machines that you create.

  • You have reviewed the Advanced FCOS installation configuration section for different ways to configure features, such as networking and disk partitioning.

Procedure

  1. Upload the bootstrap, control plane, and compute node Ignition config files that the installation program created to your HTTP server. Note the URLs of these files.

    You can add or change configuration settings in your Ignition configs before saving them to your HTTP server. If you plan to add more compute machines to your cluster after you finish installation, do not delete these files.

  2. From the installation host, validate that the Ignition config files are available on the URLs. The following example gets the Ignition config file for the bootstrap node:

    $ curl -k http://<HTTP_server>/bootstrap.ign

    • <HTTP_server>: Replace bootstrap.ign with master.ign or worker.ign in the command to validate that the Ignition config files for the control plane and compute nodes are also available.

      Example output
        % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
  0     0    0     0    0     0      0      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:--     0{"ignition":{"version":"3.2.0"},"passwd":{"users":[{"name":"core","sshAuthorizedKeys":["ssh-rsa...

  3. Although it is possible to obtain the FCOS kernel, initramfs and rootfs files that are required for your preferred method of installing operating system instances from the FCOS page, the recommended way to obtain the correct version of your FCOS files are from the output of openshift-install command:

    $ openshift-install coreos print-stream-json | grep -Eo '"https.*(kernel-|initramfs.|rootfs.)\w+(\.img)?"'
    Example output
    "<url>/prod/streams/stable/builds/<release>/x86_64/fedora-coreos-<release>-live-kernel-x86_64"
"<url>/prod/streams/stable/builds/<release>/x86_64/fedora-coreos-<release>-live-initramfs.x86_64.img"
"<url>/prod/streams/stable/builds/<release>/x86_64/fedora-coreos-<release>-live-rootfs.x86_64.img"

    The FCOS artifacts might not change with every release of OKD. You must download images with the highest version that is less than or equal to the OKD version that you install. Only use the appropriate kernel, initramfs, and rootfs artifacts described below for this procedure. FCOS QCOW2 images are not supported for this installation type.

    The file names contain the OKD version number. They resemble the following examples:

    • kernel: fedora-coreos-<version>-live-kernel-<architecture>

    • initramfs: fedora-coreos-<version>-live-initramfs.<architecture>.img

    • rootfs: fedora-coreos-<version>-live-rootfs.<architecture>.img

  4. Upload the rootfs, kernel, and initramfs files to your HTTP server.

    If you plan to add more compute machines to your cluster after you finish installation, do not delete these files.

  5. Configure the network boot infrastructure so that the machines boot from their local disks after FCOS is installed on them.

  6. Configure PXE or iPXE installation for the FCOS images and begin the installation.

  7. Modify one of the following example menu entries for your environment and verify that the image and Ignition files are properly accessible:

    • For PXE (x86_64):

      DEFAULT pxeboot
TIMEOUT 20
PROMPT 0
LABEL pxeboot
    KERNEL http://<HTTP_server>/rhcos-<version>-live-kernel-<architecture>
    APPEND initrd=http://<HTTP_server>/rhcos-<version>-live-initramfs.<architecture>.img coreos.live.rootfs_url=http://<HTTP_server>/rhcos-<version>-live-rootfs.<architecture>.img coreos.inst.install_dev=/dev/sda coreos.inst.ignition_url=http://<HTTP_server>/bootstrap.ign

      where:

      kernel

      Specify the location of the live kernel file that you uploaded to your HTTP server. The URL must be HTTP, TFTP, or FTP; HTTPS and NFS are not supported.

      initrd=main

      If you use multiple NICs, specify a single interface in the ip option. For example, to use DHCP on a NIC that is named eno1, set ip=eno1:dhcp. Specify the locations of the FCOS files that you uploaded to your HTTP server. The initrd parameter value is the location of the initramfs file, the coreos.live.rootfs_url parameter value is the location of the rootfs file, and the coreos.inst.ignition_url parameter value is the location of the bootstrap Ignition config file. You can also add more kernel arguments to the APPEND line to configure networking or other boot options.

      This configuration does not enable serial console access on machines with a graphical console. To configure a different console, add one or more console= arguments to the APPEND line. For example, add console=tty0 console=ttyS0 to set the first PC serial port as the primary console and the graphical console as a secondary console. For more information, see How does one set up a serial terminal and/or console in Red Hat Enterprise Linux? and "Enabling the serial console for PXE and ISO installation" in the "Advanced FCOS installation configuration" section.

    • For iPXE (x86_64 ):

      kernel http://<HTTP_server>/rhcos-<version>-live-kernel-<architecture> initrd=main coreos.live.rootfs_url=http://<HTTP_server>/rhcos-<version>-live-rootfs.<architecture>.img coreos.inst.install_dev=/dev/sda coreos.inst.ignition_url=http://<HTTP_server>/bootstrap.ign
initrd --name main http://<HTTP_server>/rhcos-<version>-live-initramfs.<architecture>.img
boot
      kernel

      Specify the locations of the FCOS files that you uploaded to your HTTP server. The kernel parameter value is the location of the kernel file, the initrd=main argument is needed for booting on UEFI systems, the coreos.live.rootfs_url parameter value is the location of the rootfs file, and the coreos.inst.ignition_url parameter value is the location of the bootstrap Ignition config file. If you use multiple NICs, specify a single interface in the ip option. For example, to use DHCP on a NIC that is named eno1, set ip=eno1:dhcp.

      initrd

      Specify the location of the initramfs file that you uploaded to your HTTP server.

      This configuration does not enable serial console access on machines with a graphical console. To configure a different console, add one or more console= arguments to the kernel line. For example, add console=tty0 console=ttyS0 to set the first PC serial port as the primary console and the graphical console as a secondary console. For more information, see How does one set up a serial terminal and/or console in Red Hat Enterprise Linux? and "Enabling the serial console for PXE and ISO installation" in the "Advanced FCOS installation configuration" section.

  8. Monitor the progress of the FCOS installation on the console of the machine.

    Be sure that the installation is successful on each node before commencing with the OKD installation. Observing the installation process can also help to determine the cause of FCOS installation issues that might arise.

  9. After FCOS installs, the system reboots. During reboot, the system applies the Ignition config file that you specified.

  10. Check the console output to verify that Ignition ran.

    Example command
    Ignition: ran on 2022/03/14 14:48:33 UTC (this boot)
Ignition: user-provided config was applied

  11. Continue to create the machines for your cluster.

    You must create the bootstrap and control plane machines at this time. If the control plane machines are not made schedulable, also create at least two compute machines before you install the cluster.

    If the required network, DNS, and load balancer infrastructure are in place, the OKD bootstrap process begins automatically after the FCOS nodes have rebooted.

    FCOS nodes do not include a default password for the core user. You can access the nodes by running ssh core@<node>.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> as a user with access to the SSH private key that is paired to the public key that you specified in your install_config.yaml file. OKD 4 cluster nodes running FCOS are immutable and rely on Operators to apply cluster changes. Accessing cluster nodes by using SSH is not recommended. However, when investigating installation issues, if the OKD API is not available, or the kubelet is not properly functioning on a target node, SSH access might be required for debugging or disaster recovery.

Advanced FCOS installation configuration

A key benefit for manually provisioning the Fedora CoreOS (FCOS) nodes for OKD is to be able to do configuration that is not available through default OKD installation methods. This section describes some of the configurations that you can do using techniques that include:

  • Passing kernel arguments to the live installer

  • Running coreos-installer manually from the live system

  • Customizing a live ISO or PXE boot image

The advanced configuration topics for manual Fedora CoreOS (FCOS) installations detailed in this section relate to disk partitioning, networking, and using Ignition configs in different ways.

Default console configuration

Fedora CoreOS (FCOS) nodes installed from an OKD 4.16 boot image use a default console that is meant to accomodate most virtualized and bare metal setups. Different cloud and virtualization platforms may use different default settings depending on the chosen architecture. Bare metal installations use the kernel default settings which typically means the graphical console is the primary console and the serial console is disabled.

The default consoles may not match your specific hardware configuration or you might have specific needs that require you to adjust the default console. For example:

  • You want to access the emergency shell on the console for debugging purposes.

  • Your cloud platform does not provide interactive access to the graphical console, but provides a serial console.

  • You want to enable multiple consoles.

Console configuration is inherited from the boot image. This means that new nodes in existing clusters are unaffected by changes to the default console.

You can configure the console for bare metal installations in the following ways:

  • Using coreos-installer manually on the command line.

  • Using the coreos-installer iso customize or coreos-installer pxe customize subcommands with the --dest-console option to create a custom image that automates the process.

For advanced customization, perform console configuration using the coreos-installer iso or coreos-installer pxe subcommands, and not kernel arguments.

Enabling the serial console for PXE and ISO installations

By default, the Fedora CoreOS (FCOS) serial console is disabled and all output is written to the graphical console. You can enable the serial console for an ISO installation and reconfigure the bootloader so that output is sent to both the serial console and the graphical console.

Procedure

  1. Boot the ISO installer.

  2. Run the coreos-installer command to install the system, adding the --console option once to specify the graphical console, and a second time to specify the serial console:

    $ coreos-installer install \
  --console=tty0 \
  --console=ttyS0,<options> \
  --ignition-url=http://host/worker.ign /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-<serial_number>

    where:

    --console=tty0

    The desired secondary console. In this case, the graphical console. Omitting this option will disable the graphical console.

    --console=ttyS0

    The desired primary console. In this case the serial console. The options field defines the baud rate and other settings. A common value for this field is 115200n8. If no options are provided, the default kernel value of 9600n8 is used. For more information on the format of this option, see Linux kernel serial console documentation.

  3. Reboot into the installed system.

    A similar outcome can be obtained by using the coreos-installer install --append-karg option, and specifying the console with console=. However, this will only set the console for the kernel and not the bootloader.

    To configure a PXE installation, make sure the coreos.inst.install_dev kernel command-line option is omitted, and use the shell prompt to run coreos-installer manually using the above ISO installation procedure.

Customizing a live FCOS ISO or PXE install

You can use the live ISO image or PXE environment to install FCOS by injecting an Ignition config file directly into the image. This creates a customized image that you can use to provision your system.

For an ISO image, the mechanism to do this is the coreos-installer iso customize subcommand, which modifies the .iso file with your configuration. Similarly, the mechanism for a PXE environment is the coreos-installer pxe customize subcommand, which creates a new initramfs file that includes your customizations.

The customize subcommand is a general purpose tool that can embed other types of customizations as well. The following tasks are examples of some of the more common customizations:

  • Inject custom CA certificates for when corporate security policy requires their use.

  • Configure network settings without the need for kernel arguments.

  • Embed arbitrary preinstall and post-install scripts or binaries.

Customizing a live FCOS ISO image

You can customize a live FCOS ISO image directly with the coreos-installer iso customize subcommand. When you boot the ISO image, the customizations are applied automatically.

You can use this feature to configure the ISO image to automatically install FCOS.

Procedure

  1. Download the coreos-installer binary from the coreos-installer image mirror page.

  2. Retrieve the FCOS ISO image from the FCOS image mirror page and the Ignition config file, and then run the following command to inject the Ignition config directly into the ISO image:

    $ coreos-installer iso customize rhcos-<version>-live.x86_64.iso \
    --dest-ignition bootstrap.ign \
    --dest-device /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-<serial_number>

    where:

    --dest-ignition

    The Ignition config file that is generated from the openshift-installer installation program.

    --dest-device

    When you specify this option, the ISO image automatically runs an installation. Otherwise, the image remains configured for installation, but does not install automatically unless you specify the coreos.inst.install_dev kernel argument.

  3. Optional: To remove the ISO image customizations and return the image to its pristine state, run:

    $ coreos-installer iso reset rhcos-<version>-live.x86_64.iso

    You can now re-customize the live ISO image or use it in its pristine state.

    Applying your customizations affects every subsequent boot of FCOS.

Modifying a live install ISO image to enable the serial console

On clusters installed with OKD 4.12 and above, the serial console is disabled by default and all output is written to the graphical console. You can enable the serial console with the following procedure.

Procedure

  1. Download the coreos-installer binary from the coreos-installer image mirror page.

  2. Retrieve the FCOS ISO image from the FCOS image mirror page and run the following command to customize the ISO image to enable the serial console to receive output:

    $ coreos-installer iso customize rhcos-<version>-live.x86_64.iso \
  --dest-ignition <path> \//
  --dest-console tty0 \//
  --dest-console ttyS0,<options> \//
  --dest-device /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-<serial_number>

    where:

    <path>

    The location of the Ignition config to install.

    tty0

    The desired secondary console. In this case, the graphical console. Omitting this option will disable the graphical console.

    <options>

    The desired primary console. In this case, the serial console. The options field defines the baud rate and other settings. A common value for this field is 115200n8. If no options are provided, the default kernel value of 9600n8 is used. For more information on the format of this option, see the Linux kernel serial console documentation.

    <serial_number>

    The specified disk to install to. If you omit this option, the ISO image automatically runs the installation program which will fail unless you also specify the coreos.inst.install_dev kernel argument.

    The --dest-console option affects the installed system and not the live ISO system. To modify the console for a live ISO system, use the --live-karg-append option and specify the console with console=.

    Your customizations are applied and affect every subsequent boot of the ISO image.

  3. Optional: To remove the ISO image customizations and return the image to its original state, run the following command:

    $ coreos-installer iso reset rhcos-<version>-live.x86_64.iso

    You can now recustomize the live ISO image or use it in its original state.

Modifying a live install ISO image to use a custom certificate authority

You can provide certificate authority (CA) certificates to Ignition with the --ignition-ca flag of the customize subcommand. You can use the CA certificates during both the installation boot and when provisioning the installed system.

Custom CA certificates affect how Ignition fetches remote resources but they do not affect the certificates installed onto the system.
Procedure

  1. Download the coreos-installer binary from the coreos-installer image mirror page.

  2. Retrieve the FCOS ISO image from the FCOS image mirror page and run the following command to customize the ISO image for use with a custom CA:

    $ coreos-installer iso customize rhcos-<version>-live.x86_64.iso --ignition-ca cert.pem

    The coreos.inst.ignition_url kernel parameter does not work with the --ignition-ca flag. You must use the --dest-ignition flag to create a customized image for each cluster.

    Applying your custom CA certificate affects every subsequent boot of FCOS.

Modifying a live install ISO image with customized network settings

You can embed a NetworkManager keyfile into the live ISO image and pass it through to the installed system with the --network-keyfile flag of the customize subcommand.

When creating a connection profile, you must use a .nmconnection filename extension in the filename of the connection profile. If you do not use a .nmconnection filename extension, the cluster will apply the connection profile to the live environment, but it will not apply the configuration when the cluster first boots up the nodes, resulting in a setup that does not work.
Procedure

  1. Download the coreos-installer binary from the coreos-installer image mirror page.

  2. Create a connection profile for a bonded interface. For example, create the bond0.nmconnection file in your local directory with the following content:

    /[connection]
id=bond0
type=bond
interface-name=bond0
multi-connect=1

/[bond]
miimon=100
mode=active-backup

/[ipv4]
method=auto

/[ipv6]
method=auto

  3. Create a connection profile for a secondary interface to add to the bond. For example, create the bond0-proxy-em1.nmconnection file in your local directory with the following content:

    /[connection]
id=em1
type=ethernet
interface-name=em1
master=bond0
multi-connect=1
slave-type=bond

  4. Create a connection profile for a secondary interface to add to the bond. For example, create the bond0-proxy-em2.nmconnection file in your local directory with the following content:

    /[connection]
id=em2
type=ethernet
interface-name=em2
master=bond0
multi-connect=1
slave-type=bond

  5. Retrieve the FCOS ISO image from the FCOS image mirror page and run the following command to customize the ISO image with your configured networking:

    $ coreos-installer iso customize rhcos-<version>-live.x86_64.iso \
    --network-keyfile bond0.nmconnection \
    --network-keyfile bond0-proxy-em1.nmconnection \
    --network-keyfile bond0-proxy-em2.nmconnection

    Network settings are applied to the live system and are carried over to the destination system.

Customizing a live install ISO image for an iSCSI boot device

You can set the iSCSI target and initiator values for automatic mounting, booting and configuration using a customized version of the live FCOS image.

Prerequisites

  1. You have an iSCSI target you want to install FCOS on.

Procedure

  1. Download the coreos-installer binary from the coreos-installer image mirror page.

  2. Retrieve the FCOS ISO image from the FCOS image mirror page and run the following command to customize the ISO image with the following information:

    $ coreos-installer iso customize \
    --pre-install mount-iscsi.sh \
    --post-install unmount-iscsi.sh \
    --dest-device /dev/disk/by-path/<IP_address>:<port>-iscsi-<target_iqn>-lun-<lun> \
    --dest-ignition config.ign \
    --dest-karg-append rd.iscsi.initiator=<initiator_iqn> \
    --dest-karg-append netroot=<target_iqn> \
    -o custom.iso rhcos-<version>-live.x86_64.iso

    where:

    mount-iscsi.sh

    The script that gets run before installation. It should contain the iscsiadm commands for mounting the iSCSI target and any commands enabling multipathing.

    unmount-iscsi.sh

    The script that gets run after installation. It should contain the command iscsiadm --mode node --logout=all.

    <target_iqn>

    The location of the destination system. You must provide the IP address of the target portal, the associated port number, the target iSCSI node in IQN format, and the iSCSI logical unit number (LUN).

    config.ign

    The Ignition configuration for the destination system.

    <initiator_iqn>

    The iSCSI initiator, or client, name in IQN format. The initiator forms a session to connect to the iSCSI target.

    <target_iqn>

    The the iSCSI target, or server, name in IQN format.

    For more information about the iSCSI options supported by dracut, see the dracut.cmdline manual page.

Customizing a live install ISO image for an iSCSI boot device with iBFT

You can set the iSCSI target and initiator values for automatic mounting, booting and configuration using a customized version of the live FCOS image.

Prerequisites

  1. You have an iSCSI target you want to install FCOS on.

  2. Optional: you have multipathed your iSCSI target.

Procedure

  1. Download the coreos-installer binary from the coreos-installer image mirror page.

  2. Retrieve the FCOS ISO image from the FCOS image mirror page and run the following command to customize the ISO image with the following information:

    $ coreos-installer iso customize \
    --pre-install mount-iscsi.sh \
    --post-install unmount-iscsi.sh \
    --dest-device /dev/mapper/mpatha \
    --dest-ignition config.ign \
    --dest-karg-append rd.iscsi.firmware=1 \
    --dest-karg-append rd.multipath=default \
    -o custom.iso rhcos-<version>-live.x86_64.iso

    where:

    mount-iscsi.sh

    The script that gets run before installation. It should contain the iscsiadm commands for mounting the iSCSI target and any commands enabling multipathing.

    unmount-iscsi.sh

    The script that gets run after installation. It should contain the command iscsiadm --mode node --logout=all.

    /dev/mapper/mpatha

    The path to the device. If you are using multipath, the multipath device, /dev/mapper/mpatha, If there are multiple multipath devices connected, or to be explicit, you can use the World Wide Name (WWN) symlink available in /dev/disk/by-path.

    config.ign

    The Ignition configuration for the destination system.

    rd.iscsi.firmware=1

    The iSCSI parameter is read from the BIOS firmware.

    rd.multipath=default

    Optional: include this parameter if you are enabling multipathing.

    For more information about the iSCSI options supported by dracut, see the dracut.cmdline manual page.

Customizing a live FCOS PXE environment

You can customize a live FCOS PXE environment directly with the coreos-installer pxe customize subcommand. When you boot the PXE environment, the customizations are applied automatically.

You can use this feature to configure the PXE environment to automatically install FCOS.

Procedure

  1. Download the coreos-installer binary from the coreos-installer image mirror page.

  2. Retrieve the FCOS kernel, initramfs and rootfs files from the FCOS image mirror page and the Ignition config file, and then run the following command to create a new initramfs file that contains the customizations from your Ignition config:

    $ coreos-installer pxe customize rhcos-<version>-live-initramfs.x86_64.img \
    --dest-ignition bootstrap.ign \
    --dest-device /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-<serial_number> \
    -o rhcos-<version>-custom-initramfs.x86_64.img

    where:

    --dest-ignition

    The Ignition config file that is generated from openshift-installer.

    <serial_number>

    When you specify this option, the PXE environment automatically runs an install. Otherwise, the image remains configured for installing, but does not do so automatically unless you specify the coreos.inst.install_dev kernel argument.

    <version>

    Use the customized initramfs file in your PXE configuration. Add the ignition.firstboot and ignition.platform.id=metal kernel arguments if they are not already present.

    Applying your customizations affects every subsequent boot of FCOS.

Modifying a live install PXE environment to enable the serial console

On clusters installed with OKD 4.12 and above, the serial console is disabled by default and all output is written to the graphical console. You can enable the serial console with the following procedure.

Procedure

  1. Download the coreos-installer binary from the coreos-installer image mirror page.

  2. Retrieve the FCOS kernel, initramfs and rootfs files from the FCOS image mirror page and the Ignition config file, and then run the following command to create a new customized initramfs file that enables the serial console to receive output:

    $ coreos-installer pxe customize rhcos-<version>-live-initramfs.x86_64.img \
  --dest-ignition <path> \//
  --dest-console tty0 \//
  --dest-console ttyS0,<options> \//
  --dest-device /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-<serial_number> \//
  -o rhcos-<version>-custom-initramfs.x86_64.img

    where:

    <path>

    The location of the Ignition config to install.

    tty0

    The desired secondary console. In this case, the graphical console. Omitting this option will disable the graphical console.

    <options>

    The desired primary console. In this case, the serial console. The options field defines the baud rate and other settings. A common value for this field is 115200n8. If no options are provided, the default kernel value of 9600n8 is used. For more information on the format of this option, see the Linux kernel serial console documentation.

    <serial_number>

    The specified disk to install to. If you omit this option, the PXE environment automatically runs the installation program which will fail unless you also specify the coreos.inst.install_dev kernel argument.

    <version>

    Use the customized initramfs file in your PXE configuration. Add the ignition.firstboot and ignition.platform.id=metal kernel arguments if they are not already present.

    Your customizations are applied and affect every subsequent boot of the PXE environment.

Modifying a live install PXE environment to use a custom certificate authority

You can provide certificate authority (CA) certificates to Ignition with the --ignition-ca flag of the customize subcommand. You can use the CA certificates during both the installation boot and when provisioning the installed system.

Custom CA certificates affect how Ignition fetches remote resources but they do not affect the certificates installed onto the system.
Procedure

  1. Download the coreos-installer binary from the coreos-installer image mirror page.

  2. Retrieve the FCOS kernel, initramfs and rootfs files from the FCOS image mirror page and run the following command to create a new customized initramfs file for use with a custom CA:

    $ coreos-installer pxe customize rhcos-<version>-live-initramfs.x86_64.img \
    --ignition-ca cert.pem \
    -o rhcos-<version>-custom-initramfs.x86_64.img

  3. Use the customized initramfs file in your PXE configuration. Add the ignition.firstboot and ignition.platform.id=metal kernel arguments if they are not already present.

    The coreos.inst.ignition_url kernel parameter does not work with the --ignition-ca flag. You must use the --dest-ignition flag to create a customized image for each cluster.

    Applying your custom CA certificate affects every subsequent boot of FCOS.

Modifying a live install PXE environment with customized network settings

You can embed a NetworkManager keyfile into the live PXE environment and pass it through to the installed system with the --network-keyfile flag of the customize subcommand.

When creating a connection profile, you must use a .nmconnection filename extension in the filename of the connection profile. If you do not use a .nmconnection filename extension, the cluster will apply the connection profile to the live environment, but it will not apply the configuration when the cluster first boots up the nodes, resulting in a setup that does not work.
Procedure

  1. Download the coreos-installer binary from the coreos-installer image mirror page.

  2. Create a connection profile for a bonded interface. For example, create the bond0.nmconnection file in your local directory with the following content:

    /[connection]
id=bond0
type=bond
interface-name=bond0
multi-connect=1

/[bond]
miimon=100
mode=active-backup

/[ipv4]
method=auto

/[ipv6]
method=auto

  3. Create a connection profile for a secondary interface to add to the bond. For example, create the bond0-proxy-em1.nmconnection file in your local directory with the following content:

    /[connection]
id=em1
type=ethernet
interface-name=em1
master=bond0
multi-connect=1
slave-type=bond

  4. Create a connection profile for a secondary interface to add to the bond. For example, create the bond0-proxy-em2.nmconnection file in your local directory with the following content:

    /[connection]
id=em2
type=ethernet
interface-name=em2
master=bond0
multi-connect=1
slave-type=bond

  5. Retrieve the FCOS kernel, initramfs and rootfs files from the FCOS image mirror page and run the following command to create a new customized initramfs file that contains your configured networking:

    $ coreos-installer pxe customize rhcos-<version>-live-initramfs.x86_64.img \
    --network-keyfile bond0.nmconnection \
    --network-keyfile bond0-proxy-em1.nmconnection \
    --network-keyfile bond0-proxy-em2.nmconnection \
    -o rhcos-<version>-custom-initramfs.x86_64.img

  6. Use the customized initramfs file in your PXE configuration. Add the ignition.firstboot and ignition.platform.id=metal kernel arguments if they are not already present.

    Network settings are applied to the live system and are carried over to the destination system.

Customizing a live install PXE environment for an iSCSI boot device

You can set the iSCSI target and initiator values for automatic mounting, booting and configuration using a customized version of the live FCOS image.

Prerequisites

  1. You have an iSCSI target you want to install FCOS on.

Procedure

  1. Download the coreos-installer binary from the coreos-installer image mirror page.

  2. Retrieve the FCOS kernel, initramfs and rootfs files from the FCOS image mirror page and run the following command to create a new customized initramfs file with the following information:

    $ coreos-installer pxe customize \
    --pre-install mount-iscsi.sh \
    --post-install unmount-iscsi.sh \
    --dest-device /dev/disk/by-path/<IP_address>:<port>-iscsi-<target_iqn>-lun-<lun> \
    --dest-ignition config.ign \
    --dest-karg-append rd.iscsi.initiator=<initiator_iqn> \
    --dest-karg-append netroot=<target_iqn> \
    -o custom.img rhcos-<version>-live-initramfs.x86_64.img

    where:

    mount-iscsi.sh

    The script that gets run before installation. It should contain the iscsiadm commands for mounting the iSCSI target and any commands enabling multipathing.

    unmount-iscsi.sh

    The script that gets run after installation. It should contain the command iscsiadm --mode node --logout=all.

    <target_iqn>

    The location of the destination system. You must provide the IP address of the target portal, the associated port number, the target iSCSI node in IQN format, and the iSCSI logical unit number (LUN).

    config.ign

    The Ignition configuration for the destination system.

    <initiator_iqn>

    The iSCSI initiator, or client, name in IQN format. The initiator forms a session to connect to the iSCSI target.

    <target_iqn>

    The the iSCSI target, or server, name in IQN format.

    For more information about the iSCSI options supported by dracut, see the dracut.cmdline manual page.

Customizing a live install PXE environment for an iSCSI boot device with iBFT

You can set the iSCSI target and initiator values for automatic mounting, booting and configuration using a customized version of the live FCOS image.

Prerequisites

  1. You have an iSCSI target you want to install FCOS on.

  2. Optional: you have multipathed your iSCSI target.

Procedure

  1. Download the coreos-installer binary from the coreos-installer image mirror page.

  2. Retrieve the FCOS kernel, initramfs and rootfs files from the FCOS image mirror page and run the following command to create a new customized initramfs file with the following information:

    $ coreos-installer pxe customize \
    --pre-install mount-iscsi.sh \
    --post-install unmount-iscsi.sh \
    --dest-device /dev/mapper/mpatha \
    --dest-ignition config.ign \
    --dest-karg-append rd.iscsi.firmware=1 \
    --dest-karg-append rd.multipath=default \
    -o custom.img rhcos-<version>-live-initramfs.x86_64.img

    where:

    mount-iscsi.sh

    The script that gets run before installation. It should contain the iscsiadm commands for mounting the iSCSI target.

    unmount-iscsi.sh

    The script that gets run after installation. It should contain the command iscsiadm --mode node --logout=all.

    /dev/mapper/mpatha

    The path to the device. If you are using multipath, the multipath device, /dev/mapper/mpatha, If there are multiple multipath devices connected, or to be explicit, you can use the World Wide Name (WWN) symlink available in /dev/disk/by-path.

    config.ign

    The Ignition configuration for the destination system.

    rd.iscsi.firmware=1

    The iSCSI parameter is read from the BIOS firmware.

    rd.multipath=default

    Optional: include this parameter if you are enabling multipathing.

    For more information about the iSCSI options supported by dracut, see the dracut.cmdline manual page.

Networking and bonding options for ISO installations

You can configure advanced options so that you can modify the Fedora CoreOS (FCOS) manual installation process. The subsequent sections show examples of networking options for an ISO installation.

If you install FCOS from an ISO image, you can add kernel arguments manually when you boot the image to configure networking for a node. If no networking arguments are specified, DHCP is activated in the initramfs when FCOS detects that networking is required to fetch the Ignition config file.

When adding networking arguments manually, you must also add the rd.neednet=1 kernel argument to bring the network up in the initramfs.

The following information provides examples for configuring networking and bonding on your FCOS nodes for ISO installations. The examples describe how to use the ip=, nameserver=, and bond= kernel arguments.

Ordering is important when adding the kernel arguments: ip=, nameserver=, and then bond=.

The networking options are passed to the dracut tool during system boot. For more information about the networking options supported by dracut, see the dracut.cmdline manual page.

Enabling multipathing with kernel arguments on FCOS

FCOS supports multipathing on the primary disk, allowing stronger resilience to hardware failure to achieve higher host availability.

You can enable multipathing at installation time for nodes that were provisioned in OKD 4.8 or later. While postinstallation support is available by activating multipathing via the machine config, enabling multipathing during installation is recommended.

In setups where any I/O to non-optimized paths results in I/O system errors, you must enable multipathing at installation time.

On IBM Z® and IBM® LinuxONE, you can enable multipathing only if you configured your cluster for it during installation. For more information, see "Installing FCOS and starting the OKD bootstrap process" in Installing a cluster with z/VM on IBM Z® and IBM® LinuxONE.

The following procedure enables multipath at installation time and appends kernel arguments to the coreos-installer install command so that the installed system itself will use multipath beginning from the first boot.

OKD does not support enabling multipathing as a day-2 activity on nodes that have been upgraded from 4.6 or earlier.
Prerequisites

  • You have created the Ignition config files for your cluster.

  • You have reviewed Installing FCOS and starting the OKD bootstrap process.

Procedure

  1. To enable multipath and start the multipathd daemon, run the following command on the installation host:

    $ mpathconf --enable && systemctl start multipathd.service

    1. Optional: If booting the PXE or ISO, you can instead enable multipath by adding rd.multipath=default from the kernel command line.

  2. Append the kernel arguments by invoking the coreos-installer program:

    • If there is only one multipath device connected to the machine, it should be available at path /dev/mapper/mpatha. For example:

      $ coreos-installer install /dev/mapper/mpatha \//
--ignition-url=http://host/worker.ign \
--append-karg rd.multipath=default \
--append-karg root=/dev/disk/by-label/dm-mpath-root \
--append-karg rw

      • /dev/mapper/mpatha: Indicates the path of the single multipathed device.

    • If there are multiple multipath devices connected to the machine, or to be more explicit, instead of using /dev/mapper/mpatha, it is recommended to use the World Wide Name (WWN) symlink available in /dev/disk/by-id. For example:

      $ coreos-installer install /dev/disk/by-id/wwn-<wwn_ID> \//
--ignition-url=http://host/worker.ign \
--append-karg rd.multipath=default \
--append-karg root=/dev/disk/by-label/dm-mpath-root \
--append-karg rw

      • <wwn_ID>: Indicates the WWN ID of the target multipathed device. For example, 0xx194e957fcedb4841.

      This symlink can also be used as the coreos.inst.install_dev kernel argument when using special coreos.inst.* arguments to direct the live installer. For more information, see "Installing FCOS and starting the OKD bootstrap process".

  3. Reboot into the installed system.

  4. Check that the kernel arguments worked by going to one of the worker nodes and listing the kernel command-line arguments (in /proc/cmdline on the host):

    $ oc debug node/ip-10-0-141-105.ec2.internal
    Example output
    Starting pod/ip-10-0-141-105ec2internal-debug ...
To use host binaries, run `chroot /host`

sh-4.2# cat /host/proc/cmdline
...
rd.multipath=default root=/dev/disk/by-label/dm-mpath-root
...

sh-4.2# exit

    You should see the added kernel arguments.

Enabling multipathing on secondary disks

FCOS also supports multipathing on a secondary disk. Instead of kernel arguments, you use Ignition to enable multipathing for the secondary disk at installation time.

Prerequisites

  • You have read the section Disk partitioning.

  • You have read Enabling multipathing with kernel arguments on FCOS.

  • You have installed the Butane utility.

Procedure

  1. Create a Butane config with information similar to the following:

    Example multipath-config.bu
    variant: openshift
version: 4.16.0
systemd:
  units:
    - name: mpath-configure.service
      enabled: true
      contents: |
        [Unit]
        Description=Configure Multipath on Secondary Disk
        ConditionFirstBoot=true
        ConditionPathExists=!/etc/multipath.conf
        Before=multipathd.service (1)
        DefaultDependencies=no

        [Service]
        Type=oneshot
        ExecStart=/usr/sbin/mpathconf --enable (2)

        [Install]
        WantedBy=multi-user.target
    - name: mpath-var-lib-container.service
      enabled: true
      contents: |
        [Unit]
        Description=Set Up Multipath On /var/lib/containers
        ConditionFirstBoot=true (3)
        Requires=dev-mapper-mpatha.device
        After=dev-mapper-mpatha.device
        After=ostree-remount.service
        Before=kubelet.service
        DefaultDependencies=no

        [Service] (4)
        Type=oneshot
        ExecStart=/usr/sbin/mkfs.xfs -L containers -m reflink=1 /dev/mapper/mpatha
        ExecStart=/usr/bin/mkdir -p /var/lib/containers

        [Install]
        WantedBy=multi-user.target
    - name: var-lib-containers.mount
      enabled: true
      contents: |
        [Unit]
        Description=Mount /var/lib/containers
        After=mpath-var-lib-containers.service
        Before=kubelet.service (5)

        [Mount] (6)
        What=/dev/disk/by-label/dm-mpath-containers
        Where=/var/lib/containers
        Type=xfs

        [Install]
        WantedBy=multi-user.target
    1 The configuration must be set before launching the multipath daemon.
    2 Starts the mpathconf utility.
    3 This field must be set to the value true.
    4 Creates the filesystem and directory /var/lib/containers.
    5 The device must be mounted before starting any nodes.
    6 Mounts the device to the /var/lib/containers mount point. This location cannot be a symlink.

  2. Create the Ignition configuration by running the following command:

    $ butane --pretty --strict multipath-config.bu > multipath-config.ign

  3. Continue with the rest of the first boot FCOS installation process.

    Do not add the rd.multipath or root kernel arguments on the command-line during installation unless the primary disk is also multipathed.

Installing FCOS manually on an iSCSI boot device

You can manually install FCOS on an iSCSI target.

Prerequisites

  1. You are in the FCOS live environment.

  2. You have an iSCSI target that you want to install FCOS on.

Procedure

  1. Mount the iSCSI target from the live environment by running the following command:

    $ iscsiadm \
    --mode discovery \
    --type sendtargets
    --portal <IP_address> \ (1)
    --login
    1 The IP address of the target portal.

  2. Install FCOS onto the iSCSI target by running the following command and using the necessary kernel arguments, for example:

    $ coreos-installer install \
    /dev/disk/by-path/ip-<IP_address>:<port>-iscsi-<target_iqn>-lun-<lun> \ (1)
    --append-karg rd.iscsi.initiator=<initiator_iqn> \ (2)
    --append.karg netroot=<target_iqn> \ (3)
    --console ttyS0,115200n8
    --ignition-file <path_to_file>
    1 The location you are installing to. You must provide the IP address of the target portal, the associated port number, the target iSCSI node in IQN format, and the iSCSI logical unit number (LUN).
    2 The iSCSI initiator, or client, name in IQN format. The initiator forms a session to connect to the iSCSI target.
    3 The the iSCSI target, or server, name in IQN format.

    For more information about the iSCSI options supported by dracut, see the dracut.cmdline manual page.

  3. Unmount the iSCSI disk with the following command:

    $ iscsiadm --mode node --logoutall=all

This procedure can also be performed using the coreos-installer iso customize or coreos-installer pxe customize subcommands.

Installing FCOS on an iSCSI boot device using iBFT

On a completely diskless machine, the iSCSI target and initiator values can be passed through iBFT. iSCSI multipathing is also supported.

Prerequisites

  1. You are in the FCOS live environment.

  2. You have an iSCSI target you want to install FCOS on.

  3. Optional: you have multipathed your iSCSI target.

Procedure

  1. Mount the iSCSI target from the live environment by running the following command:

    $ iscsiadm \
    --mode discovery \
    --type sendtargets
    --portal <IP_address> \ (1)
    --login
    1 The IP address of the target portal.

  2. Optional: enable multipathing and start the daemon with the following command:

    $ mpathconf --enable && systemctl start multipathd.service

  3. Install FCOS onto the iSCSI target by running the following command and using the necessary kernel arguments, for example:

    $ coreos-installer install \
    /dev/mapper/mpatha \ (1)
    --append-karg rd.iscsi.firmware=1 \ (2)
    --append-karg rd.multipath=default \ (3)
    --console ttyS0 \
    --ignition-file <path_to_file>
    1 The path of a single multipathed device. If there are multiple multipath devices connected, or to be explicit, you can use the World Wide Name (WWN) symlink available in /dev/disk/by-path.
    2 The iSCSI parameter is read from the BIOS firmware.
    3 Optional: include this parameter if you are enabling multipathing.

    For more information about the iSCSI options supported by dracut, see the dracut.cmdline manual page.

  4. Unmount the iSCSI disk:

    $ iscsiadm --mode node --logout=all

This procedure can also be performed using the coreos-installer iso customize or coreos-installer pxe customize subcommands.

Additional resources

Waiting for the bootstrap process to complete

The OKD bootstrap process begins after the cluster nodes first boot into the persistent FCOS environment that has been installed to disk. The configuration information provided through the Ignition config files is used to initialize the bootstrap process and install OKD on the machines. You must wait for the bootstrap process to complete.

Prerequisites

  • You have created the Ignition config files for your cluster.

  • You have configured suitable network, DNS and load balancing infrastructure.

  • You have obtained the installation program and generated the Ignition config files for your cluster.

  • You installed FCOS on your cluster machines and provided the Ignition config files that the OKD installation program generated.

  • Your machines have direct internet access or have an HTTP or HTTPS proxy available.

Procedure

  1. Monitor the bootstrap process:

    $ ./openshift-install --dir <installation_directory> wait-for bootstrap-complete \ (1)
    --log-level=info (2)
    1 For <installation_directory>, specify the path to the directory that you stored the installation files in.
    2 To view different installation details, specify warn, debug, or error instead of info.
    Example output
    INFO Waiting up to 30m0s for the Kubernetes API at https://api.test.example.com:6443...
INFO API v1.29.4 up
INFO Waiting up to 30m0s for bootstrapping to complete...
INFO It is now safe to remove the bootstrap resources

    The command succeeds when the Kubernetes API server signals that it has been bootstrapped on the control plane machines.

  2. After the bootstrap process is complete, remove the bootstrap machine from the load balancer.

    You must remove the bootstrap machine from the load balancer at this point. You can also remove or reformat the bootstrap machine itself.
Additional resources

Logging in to the cluster by using the CLI

You can log in to your cluster as a default system user by exporting the cluster kubeconfig file. The kubeconfig file contains information about the cluster that is used by the CLI to connect a client to the correct cluster and API server. The file is specific to a cluster and is created during OKD installation.

Prerequisites

  • You deployed an OKD cluster.

  • You installed the oc CLI.

Procedure

  1. Export the kubeadmin credentials:

    $ export KUBECONFIG=<installation_directory>/auth/kubeconfig (1)
    1 For <installation_directory>, specify the path to the directory that you stored the installation files in.

  2. Verify you can run oc commands successfully using the exported configuration:

    $ oc whoami
    Example output
    system:admin

Approving the certificate signing requests for your machines

When you add machines to a cluster, two pending certificate signing requests (CSRs) are generated for each machine that you added. You must confirm that these CSRs are approved or, if necessary, approve them yourself. The client requests must be approved first, followed by the server requests.

Prerequisites

  • You added machines to your cluster.

Procedure

  1. Confirm that the cluster recognizes the machines:

    $ oc get nodes
    Example output
    NAME      STATUS    ROLES   AGE  VERSION
master-0  Ready     master  63m  v1.29.4
master-1  Ready     master  63m  v1.29.4
master-2  Ready     master  64m  v1.29.4

    The output lists all of the machines that you created.

    The preceding output might not include the compute nodes, also known as worker nodes, until some CSRs are approved.

  2. Review the pending CSRs and ensure that you see the client requests with the Pending or Approved status for each machine that you added to the cluster:

    $ oc get csr
    Example output
    NAME        AGE     REQUESTOR                                                                   CONDITION
csr-8b2br   15m     system:serviceaccount:openshift-machine-config-operator:node-bootstrapper   Pending
csr-8vnps   15m     system:serviceaccount:openshift-machine-config-operator:node-bootstrapper   Pending
...

    In this example, two machines are joining the cluster. You might see more approved CSRs in the list.

  3. If the CSRs were not approved, after all of the pending CSRs for the machines you added are in Pending status, approve the CSRs for your cluster machines:

    Because the CSRs rotate automatically, approve your CSRs within an hour of adding the machines to the cluster. If you do not approve them within an hour, the certificates will rotate, and more than two certificates will be present for each node. You must approve all of these certificates. After the client CSR is approved, the Kubelet creates a secondary CSR for the serving certificate, which requires manual approval. Then, subsequent serving certificate renewal requests are automatically approved by the machine-approver if the Kubelet requests a new certificate with identical parameters.

    For clusters running on platforms that are not machine API enabled, such as bare metal and other user-provisioned infrastructure, you must implement a method of automatically approving the kubelet serving certificate requests (CSRs). If a request is not approved, then the oc exec, oc rsh, and oc logs commands cannot succeed, because a serving certificate is required when the API server connects to the kubelet. Any operation that contacts the Kubelet endpoint requires this certificate approval to be in place. The method must watch for new CSRs, confirm that the CSR was submitted by the node-bootstrapper service account in the system:node or system:admin groups, and confirm the identity of the node.

    • To approve them individually, run the following command for each valid CSR:

      $ oc adm certificate approve <csr_name> (1)
      1 <csr_name> is the name of a CSR from the list of current CSRs.

    • To approve all pending CSRs, run the following command:

      $ oc get csr -o go-template='{{range .items}}{{if not .status}}{{.metadata.name}}{{"\n"}}{{end}}{{end}}' | xargs --no-run-if-empty oc adm certificate approve

      Some Operators might not become available until some CSRs are approved.

  4. Now that your client requests are approved, you must review the server requests for each machine that you added to the cluster:

    $ oc get csr
    Example output
    NAME        AGE     REQUESTOR                                                                   CONDITION
csr-bfd72   5m26s   system:node:ip-10-0-50-126.us-east-2.compute.internal                       Pending
csr-c57lv   5m26s   system:node:ip-10-0-95-157.us-east-2.compute.internal                       Pending
...

  5. If the remaining CSRs are not approved, and are in the Pending status, approve the CSRs for your cluster machines:

    • To approve them individually, run the following command for each valid CSR:

      $ oc adm certificate approve <csr_name> (1)
      1 <csr_name> is the name of a CSR from the list of current CSRs.

    • To approve all pending CSRs, run the following command:

      $ oc get csr -o go-template='{{range .items}}{{if not .status}}{{.metadata.name}}{{"\n"}}{{end}}{{end}}' | xargs oc adm certificate approve

  6. After all client and server CSRs have been approved, the machines have the Ready status. Verify this by running the following command:

    $ oc get nodes
    Example output
    NAME      STATUS    ROLES   AGE  VERSION
master-0  Ready     master  73m  v1.29.4
master-1  Ready     master  73m  v1.29.4
master-2  Ready     master  74m  v1.29.4
worker-0  Ready     worker  11m  v1.29.4
worker-1  Ready     worker  11m  v1.29.4

    It can take a few minutes after approval of the server CSRs for the machines to transition to the Ready status.
Additional information

Initial Operator configuration

After the control plane initializes, you must immediately configure some Operators so that they all become available.

Prerequisites

  • Your control plane has initialized.

Procedure

  1. Watch the cluster components come online:

    $ watch -n5 oc get clusteroperators
    Example output
    NAME                                       VERSION   AVAILABLE   PROGRESSING   DEGRADED   SINCE
authentication                             4.16.0    True        False         False      19m
baremetal                                  4.16.0    True        False         False      37m
cloud-credential                           4.16.0    True        False         False      40m
cluster-autoscaler                         4.16.0    True        False         False      37m
config-operator                            4.16.0    True        False         False      38m
console                                    4.16.0    True        False         False      26m
csi-snapshot-controller                    4.16.0    True        False         False      37m
dns                                        4.16.0    True        False         False      37m
etcd                                       4.16.0    True        False         False      36m
image-registry                             4.16.0    True        False         False      31m
ingress                                    4.16.0    True        False         False      30m
insights                                   4.16.0    True        False         False      31m
kube-apiserver                             4.16.0    True        False         False      26m
kube-controller-manager                    4.16.0    True        False         False      36m
kube-scheduler                             4.16.0    True        False         False      36m
kube-storage-version-migrator              4.16.0    True        False         False      37m
machine-api                                4.16.0    True        False         False      29m
machine-approver                           4.16.0    True        False         False      37m
machine-config                             4.16.0    True        False         False      36m
marketplace                                4.16.0    True        False         False      37m
monitoring                                 4.16.0    True        False         False      29m
network                                    4.16.0    True        False         False      38m
node-tuning                                4.16.0    True        False         False      37m
openshift-apiserver                        4.16.0    True        False         False      32m
openshift-controller-manager               4.16.0    True        False         False      30m
openshift-samples                          4.16.0    True        False         False      32m
operator-lifecycle-manager                 4.16.0    True        False         False      37m
operator-lifecycle-manager-catalog         4.16.0    True        False         False      37m
operator-lifecycle-manager-packageserver   4.16.0    True        False         False      32m
service-ca                                 4.16.0    True        False         False      38m
storage                                    4.16.0    True        False         False      37m

  2. Configure the Operators that are not available.

Additional resources

Image registry removed during installation

On platforms that do not provide shareable object storage, the OpenShift Image Registry Operator bootstraps itself as Removed. This allows openshift-installer to complete installations on these platform types.

After installation, you must edit the Image Registry Operator configuration to switch the managementState from Removed to Managed. When this has completed, you must configure storage.

Image registry storage configuration

The Image Registry Operator is not initially available for platforms that do not provide default storage. After installation, you must configure your registry to use storage so that the Registry Operator is made available.

Instructions are shown for configuring a persistent volume, which is required for production clusters. Where applicable, instructions are shown for configuring an empty directory as the storage location, which is available for only non-production clusters.

Additional instructions are provided for allowing the image registry to use block storage types by using the Recreate rollout strategy during upgrades.

Configuring registry storage for bare metal and other manual installations

As a cluster administrator, following installation you must configure your registry to use storage.

Prerequisites

  • You have access to the cluster as a user with the cluster-admin role.

  • You have a cluster that uses manually-provisioned Fedora CoreOS (FCOS) nodes, such as bare metal.

  • You have provisioned persistent storage for your cluster, such as Red Hat OpenShift Data Foundation.

    OKD supports ReadWriteOnce access for image registry storage when you have only one replica. ReadWriteOnce access also requires that the registry uses the Recreate rollout strategy. To deploy an image registry that supports high availability with two or more replicas, ReadWriteMany access is required.

  • Must have 100Gi capacity.

Procedure

  1. To configure your registry to use storage, change the spec.storage.pvc in the configs.imageregistry/cluster resource.

    When you use shared storage, review your security settings to prevent outside access.

  2. Verify that you do not have a registry pod:

    $ oc get pod -n openshift-image-registry -l docker-registry=default
    Example output
    No resources found in openshift-image-registry namespace

    If you do have a registry pod in your output, you do not need to continue with this procedure.

  3. Check the registry configuration:

    $ oc edit configs.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io
    Example output
    storage:
  pvc:
    claim:

    Leave the claim field blank to allow the automatic creation of an image-registry-storage PVC.

  4. Check the clusteroperator status:

    $ oc get clusteroperator image-registry
    Example output
    NAME             VERSION              AVAILABLE   PROGRESSING   DEGRADED   SINCE   MESSAGE
image-registry   4.16                 True        False         False      6h50m

  5. Ensure that your registry is set to managed to enable building and pushing of images.

    • Run:

      $ oc edit configs.imageregistry/cluster

      Then, change the line

      managementState: Removed

      to

      managementState: Managed

Configuring storage for the image registry in non-production clusters

You must configure storage for the Image Registry Operator. For non-production clusters, you can set the image registry to an empty directory. If you do so, all images are lost if you restart the registry.

Procedure

  • To set the image registry storage to an empty directory:

    $ oc patch configs.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io cluster --type merge --patch '{"spec":{"storage":{"emptyDir":{}}}}'

    Configure this option for only non-production clusters.

    If you run this command before the Image Registry Operator initializes its components, the oc patch command fails with the following error:

    Error from server (NotFound): configs.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io "cluster" not found

    Wait a few minutes and run the command again.

Configuring block registry storage for bare metal

To allow the image registry to use block storage types during upgrades as a cluster administrator, you can use the Recreate rollout strategy.

Block storage volumes, or block persistent volumes, are supported but not recommended for use with the image registry on production clusters. An installation where the registry is configured on block storage is not highly available because the registry cannot have more than one replica.

If you choose to use a block storage volume with the image registry, you must use a filesystem persistent volume claim (PVC).
Procedure

  1. Enter the following command to set the image registry storage as a block storage type, patch the registry so that it uses the Recreate rollout strategy, and runs with only one (1) replica:

    $ oc patch config.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io/cluster --type=merge -p '{"spec":{"rolloutStrategy":"Recreate","replicas":1}}'

  2. Provision the PV for the block storage device, and create a PVC for that volume. The requested block volume uses the ReadWriteOnce (RWO) access mode.

    1. Create a pvc.yaml file with the following contents to define a VMware vSphere PersistentVolumeClaim object:

      kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: image-registry-storage
  namespace: openshift-image-registry
spec:
  accessModes:
  - ReadWriteOnce
  resources:
    requests:
      storage: 100Gi

      where:

      name

      Specifies a unique name that represents the PersistentVolumeClaim object.

      namespace

      Specifies the namespace for the PersistentVolumeClaim object, which is openshift-image-registry.

      accessModes

      Specifies the access mode of the persistent volume claim. With ReadWriteOnce, the volume can be mounted with read and write permissions by a single node.

      storage

      The size of the persistent volume claim.

    2. Enter the following command to create the PersistentVolumeClaim object from the file:

      $ oc create -f pvc.yaml -n openshift-image-registry

  3. Enter the following command to edit the registry configuration so that it references the correct PVC:

    $ oc edit config.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io -o yaml
    Example output
    storage:
  pvc:
    claim:

    By creating a custom PVC, you can leave the claim field blank for the default automatic creation of an image-registry-storage PVC.

Completing installation on user-provisioned infrastructure

After you complete the Operator configuration, you can finish installing the cluster on infrastructure that you provide.

Prerequisites

  • Your control plane has initialized.

  • You have completed the initial Operator configuration.

Procedure

  1. Confirm that all the cluster components are online with the following command:

    $ watch -n5 oc get clusteroperators
    Example output
    NAME                                       VERSION   AVAILABLE   PROGRESSING   DEGRADED   SINCE
authentication                             4.16.0    True        False         False      19m
baremetal                                  4.16.0    True        False         False      37m
cloud-credential                           4.16.0    True        False         False      40m
cluster-autoscaler                         4.16.0    True        False         False      37m
config-operator                            4.16.0    True        False         False      38m
console                                    4.16.0    True        False         False      26m
csi-snapshot-controller                    4.16.0    True        False         False      37m
dns                                        4.16.0    True        False         False      37m
etcd                                       4.16.0    True        False         False      36m
image-registry                             4.16.0    True        False         False      31m
ingress                                    4.16.0    True        False         False      30m
insights                                   4.16.0    True        False         False      31m
kube-apiserver                             4.16.0    True        False         False      26m
kube-controller-manager                    4.16.0    True        False         False      36m
kube-scheduler                             4.16.0    True        False         False      36m
kube-storage-version-migrator              4.16.0    True        False         False      37m
machine-api                                4.16.0    True        False         False      29m
machine-approver                           4.16.0    True        False         False      37m
machine-config                             4.16.0    True        False         False      36m
marketplace                                4.16.0    True        False         False      37m
monitoring                                 4.16.0    True        False         False      29m
network                                    4.16.0    True        False         False      38m
node-tuning                                4.16.0    True        False         False      37m
openshift-apiserver                        4.16.0    True        False         False      32m
openshift-controller-manager               4.16.0    True        False         False      30m
openshift-samples                          4.16.0    True        False         False      32m
operator-lifecycle-manager                 4.16.0    True        False         False      37m
operator-lifecycle-manager-catalog         4.16.0    True        False         False      37m
operator-lifecycle-manager-packageserver   4.16.0    True        False         False      32m
service-ca                                 4.16.0    True        False         False      38m
storage                                    4.16.0    True        False         False      37m

    Alternatively, the following command notifies you when all of the clusters are available. It also retrieves and displays credentials:

    $ ./openshift-install --dir <installation_directory> wait-for install-complete (1)
    1 For <installation_directory>, specify the path to the directory that you stored the installation files in.
    Example output
    INFO Waiting up to 30m0s for the cluster to initialize...

    The command succeeds when the Cluster Version Operator finishes deploying the OKD cluster from Kubernetes API server.

    • The Ignition config files that the installation program generates contain certificates that expire after 24 hours, which are then renewed at that time. If the cluster is shut down before renewing the certificates and the cluster is later restarted after the 24 hours have elapsed, the cluster automatically recovers the expired certificates. The exception is that you must manually approve the pending node-bootstrapper certificate signing requests (CSRs) to recover kubelet certificates. See the documentation for Recovering from expired control plane certificates for more information.

    • It is recommended that you use Ignition config files within 12 hours after they are generated because the 24-hour certificate rotates from 16 to 22 hours after the cluster is installed. By using the Ignition config files within 12 hours, you can avoid installation failure if the certificate update runs during installation.

  2. Confirm that the Kubernetes API server is communicating with the pods.

    1. To view a list of all pods, use the following command:

      $ oc get pods --all-namespaces
      Example output
      NAMESPACE                         NAME                                            READY   STATUS      RESTARTS   AGE
openshift-apiserver-operator      openshift-apiserver-operator-85cb746d55-zqhs8   1/1     Running     1          9m
openshift-apiserver               apiserver-67b9g                                 1/1     Running     0          3m
openshift-apiserver               apiserver-ljcmx                                 1/1     Running     0          1m
openshift-apiserver               apiserver-z25h4                                 1/1     Running     0          2m
openshift-authentication-operator authentication-operator-69d5d8bf84-vh2n8        1/1     Running     0          5m

    2. View the logs for a pod that is listed in the output of the previous command by using the following command:

      $ oc logs <pod_name> -n <namespace>

      • <namespace>: Specify the pod name and namespace, as shown in the output of an earlier command.

        If the pod logs display, the Kubernetes API server can communicate with the cluster machines.

  3. For an installation with Fibre Channel Protocol (FCP), additional steps are required to enable multipathing. Do not enable multipathing during installation.

    See "Enabling multipathing with kernel arguments on FCOS" in the Postinstallation machine configuration tasks documentation for more information.

  4. Register your cluster on the Cluster registration page.

Additional resources

Next steps